A Consistent Theory of the Origin of the Universe

The ΛCDM model has successfully described the universe on the basis of a large body of astronomical observations. However, within the framework presented here, several questions remain concerning the origin of the universe and the nature of dark energy and dark matter. The proposed Continuously Breeding Universe (CBU) model treats the universe as a low-density black hole in which electron–positron and proton–antiproton pairs emerge continuously. The expansion of space is attributed to the appearance of new particle pairs. The negative potential energy associated with the expansion of space balances the increase in ordinary matter. The model further proposes that the gravitational parameter G is inversely proportional to the radius of curvature r. Consequently, the Planck length and Planck energy vary with the curvature and therefore with the size of the universe. An alternative interpretation of the Einstein field equation is developed by connecting the energy–momentum tensor to the gravitational parameter and the energy density. Within this interpretation, dark energy and dark matter arise from the energy structure associated with the expansion of the universe and the kinetic energy of quantum-fluctuation particles.