One-Dimensional Hemodynamic Simulation: A Review

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been extensively applied in the medical field, with hemodynamic simulation being a well-established area of research. Hemodynamic simulation enables the non-invasive measurement of various hemodynamic parameters within human blood vessels, providing critical support for medical decision-making. Currently, three-dimensional (3D) CFD simulations dominate the research landscape. But the mesh generation and computational processes in 3D simulations require significant computational resources, often taking hours or even days to complete. This limits their ability to deliver timely and practical hemodynamic insights for clinical use.In contrast, one-dimensional (1D) hemodynamic simulation models offer a faster and more efficient alternative while maintaining acceptable levels of accuracy. These models have the potential to serve as a real-time and effective auxiliary tool for medical applications. This review comprehensively examines the research progress in 1D hemodynamic simulation over the past few decades, summarizing the relevant methodologies, technical approaches, and application areas. Furthermore, it briefly explores the development of reduced-order hemodynamic models powered by artificial intelligence (AI), providing insights into their potential for advancing the field.