Evidence-Based Analysis of Space Colling and Expansion

1. Introduction

The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 2.72548±0.00057 K [1]. CMB has origin in the recombination period that was about 380.000 years after big bang: “About 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the temperature of the Universe had dropped sufficiently for electrons and protons to combine into hydrogen atoms, p + e ⇒ H. From this time onwards, cosmic radiation was effectively unable to interact with the background gas; it has propagated freely ever since, while constantly losing energy because its wavelength is stretched by the expansion of the Universe. Originally, the radiation temperature was about 3000 degrees Kelvin, whereas today it has fallen to only 3K” [2].

“The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the cooled remnant of the first light that could ever travel freely throughout the Universe. This 'fossil' radiation, the furthest that any telescope can see, was released soon after the Big Bang. Scientists consider it as an echo or 'shockwave' of the Big Bang. Over time, this primeval light has cooled and weakened considerably; nowadays we detect it in the microwave domain. It took about 300 000 years for the Universe to cool down to a temperature at which atoms can form (about 3000 °C). Matter then became neutral, and allowed the light to travel freely: the Universe became transparent. The relic of that 'first light' is the CMB. Since the time when that radiation was released, the Universe has expanded, becoming at the same time cooler and cooler. The cosmic background has been affected by the same process: it has expanded and cooled down. Space has 'stretched' itself, and with it all length scales” [3]. This is the current explanation of CMB fully accepted by the mainstream physics.

2. Current CMB Radiation Model Contradicts Wien’s Law

The current interpretation of CMB encounters the insoluble contradiction with Wien’s law which tells us the relation between temperature $T$ of a blackbody and wavelength λ of its radiation, see Eq. (1).

$\mathsf{\lambda }={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{0,002897771955}}{T}}$ (1) [4].

This equation is valid when the source of radiation changes temperature. It is not valid when radiation is produced and moves through space where temperature changes, and because of this, its wavelength will increase. The Big Bang model claims that radiation produced in the recombination period is transformed into today's CMB radiation because the universe has cooled and expanded.

According to Wien’s law, the frequency of light can change only if the temperature of the source has changed. The Big Bang model proposes another solution, namely that the radiation wavelength can increase because the space in which the radiation moves has cooled down. There is no single experiment in physics proving that the cooling of space increases the wavelength of the radiation that moves through it. Big Bang model interpretation of the CMB has no experimental evidence and has also no solid theoretical basis. There is no mathematical description available in the scientific literature that would describe how the cooling and expansion of space increases the wavelength of the light. Big Bang model interpretation of the CMB is an unproven hypothesis and not a scientific fact.

What do we measure in CMB observations? The undeniable fact is that we measure the current radiation of space. The idea that CMB is relic radiation that remains from the 'first light' that was generated after a hypothetical Big Bang is a working hypothesis with no experimental evidence and should be abandoned if we want to make progress in cosmology. Misinterpretation of CMB keeps the Big Bang model artificially alive.

3. Cosmological Redshift Contradicts Wien’s Law

The only known experiment in which light changes frequency after leaving a source was carried out by Pound and Rebka; it is known as gravitational redshift and gravitational blueshift [6]. In the case of a cosmological redshift, the situation is the same as with the CMB. In physics, there is no experiment that would prove that, in an expanding space, the wavelengths of light would increase; see Figure 1.

According to Wien’s law, only a decrease in the source temperature can increase the light wavelength. Moreover, there is no convenient mathematical model that would describe the cosmological redshift, which is also an experimentally unproven working hypothesis: “We can read on Hubble site: ‘When space expands, light stretches. Since the big bang, the physical space of the universe has been expanding. Stars and galaxies maintain their size, but the space between them grows’. The idea that when space expands, light stretches, was never experimentally confirmed. It is an unproven working hypothesis” [7]. So-called cosmological redshift is a misinterpretation of gravitational redshift that is actually measured. The misinterpretation of the CMB contradicts Wien's law. Cosmological redshift is a misinterpretation of gravitational redshift.

In the Big Bang scenario, the cooling of space increases the light wavelengths, and the expansion of space also increases the light wavelengths. In the CMB, the wavelengths increase only because space cools down, and in cosmological redshift, wavelengths increase only because space is expanding. CMB does not take into account the increase in wavelengths because of space expansion, and cosmological redshift does not take into account the increase in wavelengths because space is cooling. CMB and cosmological redshift contradict each other, but they should complement each other, and both are contrary to Wien's Law. The result of this rigorous evidence-based analysis is that space is not cooling and is not expanding.

4. The Big Bang Model has Insurmountable Problems

In Chapters 2 and 3, we see that the Big Bang has insurmountable problems. Also, it is against the first law of thermodynamics, which stationary cosmology respects. Our research results [8] propose that the universe is a non-created system in a dynamic equilibrium as it was conceived in ancient Chinese philosophy: “The first concept is that all states are in flux, in transition to the next state. Ancient Chinese cosmology posits as universe in constant, eternal, ever-refreshing change. There is no entropy in this system” [9]. In our model AGNs are refreshing systems of the universe [10]. Newton advocated a non-created, stationary infinite universe: “Until the 20th century everybody believed that the universe is naturally static: not expanding and not contracting. Even Albert Einstein, after the discovery of general relativity, continued to hold this belief for several years. The Newtonian theory of universal gravity, in which all bodies attract one another, reinforced the growing belief that the universe must be edgeless and therefore infinite. For if the universe were finite and bounded by a cosmic edge, it would have a center of gravity, and the attraction between its parts would cause it, said Newton, to “fall down into the middle of the whole space, and there compose one great spherical mass.” This argument led him finally to abandon the finite Stoic cosmos in favor of the infinite Atomist universe” [11].

5. Cosmological Principle is Time-Invariant

Universal changes take place in a time-invariant space. Time is the numerical order of irreversible changes: change X turns into change X+1, change X+1 changes into change X+2. In the universe, time has only mathematical permanence. Time as duration is the emergent time that enters into existence in the process of measurement [12]. Universe does not exist in some physical time. What happened 13.8 billion years ago happened in the same time-invariant space in which the universe exists today. The fact that time in the universe has only mathematical existence, and that universal changes occur in time-invariant space, suggests that the cosmological principle is time-invariant. There was no physical past, and the universe as we see it today looked the same 13.8 billion years ago.

The idea that relic CMB radiation has reached us from some remote physical past lacks scientific evidence. Experimental data confirm that light moves through space, and time is the duration of light's motion. Sunlight takes about 8 minutes and 16,6 seconds to reach Earth. The geometrization of time as the fourth dimension of space was a historical mistake that allowed the idea that the universe began in some distant physical past [6].

The idea that with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) we see in some distant physical past is flawed. Yes, the galaxy has changed while its light travelled and reached JSWT, but its changes have only occurred in time-invariant space through which light moved, not in some physical time. Universal changes take place only and always in the same time-invariant space that we experience as NOW [5]. Studying the universe as a system that evolves in some physical time belongs to the history of physics.

6. Conclusions

The progress of cosmology requires direct reading of astrophysical data without interpretation. When we measure the CMB, we measure the radiation of the existing space. When we measure redshift, we measure gravitational redshift. Any interpretation of this data leads us down the wrong path.