The Hantavirus Paradigm: Genomic Architecture, Epidemiological Dynamics, Diagnostic Advances and Mitigation Strategies

Hantaviruses are rodent-borne zoonotic viruses belonging to the family Hantaviridae and are classified as significant emerging diseases globally. Humans are mainly affected by these viruses when aerosols contamination with mouse excrement. The two primary clinical syndromes caused by human infection are Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), which primarily affects the United States, and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), which is primarily documented in Europe and Asia. Recent developments in epidemiological studies, genomic surveillance, and molecular diagnostics have improved knowledge of hantavirus diversity, transmission dynamics, and illness pathophysiology. Despite these advancements, problems with early diagnosis, efficient treatment, and epidemic prevention still exist. The current understanding of the epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnostic techniques, and preventative strategies related to hantavirus infections is compiled in this review. In addition, it draws attention to new developments, ongoing studies, and potential paths for enhancing risk assessment, disease surveillance, and public health initiatives meant to lessen the burden of hantavirus-related illnesses worldwide.