Endocrine–Immune Crosstalk in Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases: The Role of Micronutrients, with Emphasis on Vitamin D

Pediatric autoimmune disorders are increasingly common, but outcomes are poor due to delayed diagnosis. Immune system dysfunctions typically cause these in the presence of essential micronutrient deficiencies, especially vitamin D. Besides, vitamin D deficiency contributes to both immune and endocrine imbalances that may trigger or exacerbate autoimmunity in children. This review highlights the role of micronutrients, cofactors, and mechanisms, especially vitamin D, in regulating immune responses, maintaining hormonal equilibrium, and disease progression. It explores the complex interactions between vitamin D, zinc, selenium, probiotics, and omega-3 fatty acids and the immune and endocrine systems in pediatric autoimmune pathophysiology. The article underscores the importance of early diagnosis, effective interventions, and targeted micro-nutritional strategies to reduce the incidence and severity of these disorders. Proactive supplementation—especially with vitamin D3 and complementary micronutrients—can strengthen immune function, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and mitigate the development of childhood autoimmune diseases. Understanding the interconnected roles of different micronutrients, gut microbiota, and immune dysregulation is essential to preventing and effectively managing these conditions. The review encourages pediatricians and other healthcare professionals to adopt integrative approaches, including holistic, orthomolecular, and personalized nutritional therapies, to prevent these disorders and associated complications. Such cost-effective approaches improve clinical outcomes and guide future research and public health strategies. Optimizing micronutrient levels may significantly enhance pediatric well-being and long-term quality of life.