Strategic Control Enhancements for Frequency Deviation Management in European Power Systems

This article examines the challenges and solutions related to Frequency Deviation (FD) in Continental Europe's electric power systems, focusing on the effectiveness of Combined Cycle Power Blocks (CCPB) in managing these deviations. Already since 2023, persistent and significant FD's have been a concern, leading to the establishment of a working group by the ENTSO-E System Operation Committee to develop a robust action plan. The study highlights the necessity of employing advanced control strategies in CCPB to enhance frequency quality and ensure stable system operation. It delves into the mechanisms of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) to maintain power balance and frequency stability through primary and secondary controls. These controls are critical in adapting to real-time changes in load and generation, thereby securing the power system's reliability and efficiency. The paper also discusses the implementation of Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) and their role in stabilizing the frequency post-disturbances by automatically adjusting power outputs. Additionally, the research explores the integration of the Baltic States into the European Union (EU) energy market aiming for enhanced system security and reliability, after all the Baltic States achieved full synchronization with the Continental Europe Synchronous Area (CESA). The outcomes suggest that strategic enhancements in automatic control and reserve management can significantly mitigate FD impacts, contributing to the stability of large-scale interconnected power systems.