Parametric Multi-Criteria Sustainability Assessment of Building Renovation Elements: A BIM-Based Three-Pillar Framework

The building renovation sector is under growing pressure to balance environmental responsibility, economic efficiency, and occupant well-being simultaneously. Existing evaluation approaches remain predominantly finance-driven, marginalising ecological and social dimensions. This study develops and validates a parametric multi-criteria assessment framework for building renovation elements, structured around the three pillars of sustainability: environmental, economic, and social. A dataset of 33 renovation elements — encompassing green façade systems, extensive and intensive green roofs, interior wall, floor, and ceiling solutions, and exterior envelope and site components — was compiled and digitised as BIM objects in ArchiCAD 26, enriched with non-graphic parameters including cost, lifespan, recyclability, eco-index, maintenance effort, and qualitative social descriptors. Parameters were aggregated using type-specific logic: additive for economic indicators, minimum-value for lifespan, arithmetic mean for environmental indicators, and descriptive aggregation for social attributes. Five renovation scenarios (A–E), each composed of nine elements, were evaluated to demonstrate how the sustainability profile changes with selection priorities. Scenarios A, B, and C confirmed single-dimension dominance (environmental, economic, and social, respectively), Scenario D achieved a balanced three-pillar profile, and Scenario E revealed a latent economic bias in an apparently random element selection. The framework is scalable, extensible, and designed for future integration with BIM environments, mixed reality platforms, and AI-driven decision-support tools.