Temporal and Spatial Dynamics in Alluvial Floodplain Wetlands Associated with Extreme Climatic Events

Floodplain wetlands are dynamic and biodiverse environments that provide important ecosystem services. This study analyzes the temporal and spatial dynamics of hydrogeomorphological attributes, vegetation, and water in floodplain wetlands. The methodology consisted of applying PCA in temporal (T) and spatial (S) modes, decomposing spectral indices (NDVI, NDMI, MNDWI) to identify variability patterns associated with ENSO events. The results revealed that C2 was the main descriptor of hydrological anomalies, with strong temporal synchrony between vegetation vigor (NDVI) and the expansion of the water surface (MNDWI), contrasting with the water stress response captured by NDMI. PCA highlighted environmental heterogeneity within the floodplain, with peatland areas standing out as zones of high spatial complexity and greater water retention capacity. Temporal variability responded primarily to climatic extremes, whereas spatial variability was modulated by hydrogeomorphology.