Computational Modelling of the Temporomandibular Joint: A Finite Element Study of Bifid Condyle Fractures

The human temporomandibular joint requires stable kinematics for optimal function; however, structural anomalies such as the bifid mandibular condyle severely compromise this biomechanical harmony. This study aims to quantify the precise biomechanical behaviour and fracture susceptibility of the bifid condyle using patient-specific finite element analysis. A high-fidelity 3D computational model was constructed from the cone-beam computed tomography data of a patient presenting with a right bifid condyle and concurrent fracture. To establish a comparative baseline, a geometrically healthy control model was computationally derived. Both models were subjected to a simulated, physiological multiaxial masticatory load of 1000 N. The simulation revealed that while the healthy control safely dissipated forces (peak cortical von Mises stress of 62.49 MPa), the bifid morphology fundamentally disrupted load transfer. Extreme mechanical forces concentrated directly at the anomalous inter-condylar notch, generating peak equivalent von Mises stresses approaching 500 MPa and peak compressive stresses nearing 600 MPa. Furthermore, localised strain energy density at the notch peaked at 12 MPa. These internal stress magnitudes significantly exceed the ultimate yield strength of human cortical bone, providing a direct biomechanical rationale for the clinically observed fracture. This computational evidence establishes that the bifid condyle acts as a critical structural vulnerability and energy sink. Consequently, the identification of a bifid condyle warrants proactive clinical management, as even asymptomatic presentations are highly predisposed to structural fatigue and macroscopic failure.