Broadband IoT for Digital Agriculture in Rural and Remote Areas: Field-Level Connectivity, Coverage, Throughput, and Emerging Technologies

Digital agriculture employs a wide range of sensing, actuation, and analytics technologies to optimize productivity, sustainability, and decision-making in farming operations. However, rural and remote regions face persistent barriers, including limited network coverage and insufficient support for both low- and high-throughput applications, which hinder the deployment of conventional and broadband-intensive Internet of Things solutions. A central challenge is the lack of adequate field-level network infrastructure, with connectivity often unavailable or unreliable. This article presents a comprehensive survey of Broadband-based IoT as a solution for supporting both low- and high-data-rate digital agriculture applications, including UAVs, computer vision, and extended reality, even in settings without continuous internet connectivity. It examines how technologies such as 5G/6G, dynamic spectrum access, non-terrestrial networks, and edge computing can help address connectivity and infrastructure gaps in underserved agricultural areas. Furthermore, we introduce and analyze the concept of Evolved-Variety Technologies, which combines modified state-of-the-art modules with next-generation networks to create flexible, modular, and scalable system designs adaptable to diverse topographical and operational conditions. Beyond technical evaluations, the article examines economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, and policy implications, emphasizing the need for coordinated roles among governments, telecom providers, and agribusiness stakeholders. Our findings advocate for hybrid telecom architectures that integrate terrestrial and non-terrestrial components, leveraging emerging technologies to reduce the rural–urban digital divide and enable scalable, data-driven agriculture in underserved regions.