Open-Source IoT Monitoring Framework with Physics-Based Energy Loss Modeling for Smart Microgrids: Architecture and Benchmarks

Smart microgrids combining photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines, and battery storage generate telemetry that existing open-source monitoring tools cannot process with per-mechanism energy loss visibility in real time. This paper presents a design, im-plementation, and evaluation of an open-source IoT Monitoring Framework. The framework incorporates a physics-based microgrid simulator, a hierarchical MQTT communication architecture, and a React-based web-based user interface that supports WebSocket-based real-time data visualization. The open-source framework consists of twelve containerized microservices that can be started with a single command: docker compose up -d. The code has been released under the permissive MIT license. All stack performance testing was conducted using a simulated 1 hour test case based on a 100kWp PV system, 10kW wind turbine, and 50kWh battery powered campus mi-crogrid. Average P50 end-to-end latency was 27.2 ms and P99 end-to-end latency was 48.3 ms with 100% message delivery across 5,840 test messages with per-topic analy-sis revealing a 25 ms serialization-order effect in sequential MQTT publishing. Com-parative analysis against ten existing platforms including OpenEMS, VOLTTRON, Eclipse Ditto, and pymgrid confirms that no prior open-source framework unifies physics-based loss telemetry, IoT communication, time-series storage, and real-time visualization in a single reproducible deployment.