NSSI as Inward-Routed Mobilization: Over-Idealized Figures and State Transition

1. Introduction

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), defined as the deliberate destruction of one's own body tissue without suicidal intent and not culturally sanctioned, occurs across clinical and community samples and is consistently associated with emotion dysregulation, trauma exposure, interpersonal stress, and elevated risk for later suicidal thoughts and behaviors (Cipriano et al., 2017; Glenn et al., 2017; Hamza et al., 2012). Despite increasing empirical clarity about correlates and outcomes, much of the literature still explains NSSI primarily in descriptive terms: the behavior is organized by self-reported functions, motives, or broad labels such as emotion regulation, self-punishment, or interpersonal influence.

Functional descriptions identify what NSSI accomplishes but leave the selection problem unresolved: how mobilization becomes pressured affect, why injury becomes more executable than communication or boundary action, and how early relational learning makes self-injury a high-probability response under later stress.

Several findings converge on the need for a selection-focused framework. Intensive longitudinal research indicates that NSSI risk concentrates in proximal windows marked by worsening internal state, narrowed perceived options, and rising self-directed or punitive cognition (Burke et al., 2021a, 2021b; Turner et al., 2016). Developmental and interpersonal research also links NSSI to family and attachment variables, peer stress, bullying/victimization, identity formation, and interpersonal communication problems, suggesting that affective mobilization is often embedded in relational and developmental contexts rather than generated as an isolated intrapsychic event (Allen et al., 2007; Bureau et al., 2010; Claes et al., 2015; Gandhi et al., 2017; Muehlenkamp et al., 2013; Tatnell et al., 2017; Yates, 2004).

The present paper advances the Inward-Routed Mobilization Model (IRM) of NSSI. Its central claim is that NSSI commonly begins through inward-routed negative affective mobilization under over-idealized figure constraint. In the earliest organization of the behavior, protest, hurt, humiliation, rejection pain, shame, disappointment, or anger cannot be safely represented toward the protected figure; mobilization is therefore truncated, routed inward, and enacted through the body as a rapid state-transition maneuver. Later episodes may generalize to new triggers after the behavior has been learned.

IRM extends the mobilization–capacity logic developed in the Arousal Appraisal Model and the state-dependent capacity framework developed in the Survival Architecture of Coping to the specific behavioral-selection problem posed by NSSI (Passaro, 2026a, 2026b).

An over-idealized figure is a person whose goodness, desirability, authority, or relational importance is so psychologically protected that negative perception cannot be safely held without threatening attachment, belonging, moral coherence, identity stability, or self-organization. Such figures may include caregivers, admired peers, romantic partners, teachers, coaches, religious or cultural authorities, or symbolic representatives of a desired group. Over-idealization here denotes a representational constraint, not an objective judgment about the figure. It becomes clinically relevant when anger, disappointment, protest, boundary-setting, or recognition of harm cannot be safely represented toward that person (Fonagy & Target, 1997; Gandhi et al., 2017; Luyten et al., 2020).

1.1. Selection Rule: State-Dependent Policy Competition

NSSI is treated here as a learned state-transition policy selected within a constrained control problem. Selection probability rises when mobilization or activation increases, deployable capacity is low, and negative affect toward an over-idealized or attachment-relevant figure cannot be represented, expressed, or acted upon without threatening attachment, belonging, moral coherence, or relational safety. Under this configuration, outward throughput is gated, the feasible action set compresses, and immediate private maneuvers gain advantage. Self-punishment cognitions, when present, can function as permission/coherence scaffolds that reduce decision conflict and accelerate inward routing (Burke et al., 2021a; Burke et al., 2021b).

Reinforcement models explain maintenance, emotion-regulation models explain state change, and attachment/interpersonal models explain contextual risk. IRM specifies the selection architecture linking these levels: negative affective mobilization that cannot be safely represented or routed outward becomes increasingly executable through the body.

1.2. Acquisition and Generalization

IRM distinguishes acquisition from later expression. During acquisition, protest, hurt, disappointment, shame, humiliation, or anger is hypothesized to become truncated when it cannot be safely represented toward an over-idealized figure, routing negative affective mobilization inward. Once enacted and reinforced, NSSI can generalize to stressors that no longer obviously involve the original figure or relational configuration (Crowell et al., 2009; Yates, 2004).

IRM proposes attachment-constrained inward routing as a common acquisition pathway rather than the sole route. Some individuals may acquire NSSI through alternative learning ecologies, including dissociation relief, sensory regulation, or pain-offset processes; once learned, these pathways may converge on similar rapid state-transition dynamics (Chapman et al., 2006; Hooley & Franklin, 2018).

Once enacted, NSSI has strong learning properties: it is immediately executable, private, reliable in producing rapid attentional or arousal shift, and comparatively low in immediate relational cost. When injury reliably reduces aversive mobilization, numbs urgency, interrupts dissociation, or restores local controllability, its expected utility increases and the cue set broadens.

1.3. Proximal Selection Conditions

NSSI is predicted to be most selectable when several proximal conditions converge:

• Attachment/belonging relevance: the provocation implicates dependency, belonging, dignity, identity stability, relational security, status, or access to a desired group.
• High predicted relational cost: outward expression is forecast to produce abandonment, escalation, humiliation, punishment, or rupture.
• Low deployable capacity: cognitive flexibility, co-regulation access, biological reserve, or meaning-making capacity is insufficient for integrative processing and effective boundary action.
• Permission/coherence scaffold: punitive self-appraisals or related self-governing cognitions reduce decision conflict and make injury feel allowed, deserved, necessary, or coherent under pressure.

These conditions are time-varying states, not fixed traits, and may be measured through ecological momentary assessment, event-contingent sampling, sleep/recovery metrics, and ambulatory physiology.

1.4. Boundary Conditions and Falsifiability

Because NSSI is heterogeneous in triggers and reported functions, IRM treats attachment-constrained inward routing as a common acquisition pathway rather than the sole route. The proposed pathway is supported when prospective data show that, in attachment- or belonging-loaded onset contexts, rising negative affective mobilization is followed by outward-representation constraint, self/body-directed affective pressure, and NSSI selection. It would be weakened if these features fail to predict initial NSSI in the contexts the model identifies, or if the proposed sequence does not temporally precede selection. Later episodes may generalize after the state-transition policy has been learned.

Supportive evidence would include coupling between rising mobilization or urgency and constraint appraisals, followed by NSSI as a controllability-restoring maneuver. Developmental support would include early over-idealized figure constraint, disallowed protest, or negative-affective contexts predicting earlier onset, faster habitization, and stronger cue-response coupling over time (Burke et al., 2021a, 2021b; Hooley & Franklin, 2018).

2. Contemporary Accounts of NSSI: Contributions and Gaps

2.1. Functional and Reinforcement-Based Models

A dominant approach conceptualizes NSSI as a behavior maintained by reinforcement contingencies across intrapersonal and interpersonal domains (Nock & Prinstein, 2004). From a learning perspective, this framework makes an essential contribution: it explains why NSSI can become stable once acquired, namely, because it reliably produces short-latency consequences that are negatively reinforcing, positively reinforcing, or socially reinforcing under certain contingencies. Consistent with this, reviews indicate that rapid intrapersonal downshifting of negative affect is among the most commonly endorsed outcomes associated with NSSI (Klonsky, 2007).

Functional accounts explain why relief can reinforce NSSI after it occurs. IRM addresses the preceding selection problem: how physiological mobilization becomes urgent affect, why alternative actions lose competitiveness under load, and why the body becomes the most executable control lever as the time horizon compresses.

2.2. Self-Punishment, Self-Criticism, and Permission/Coherence Scaffolds

Self-criticism, shame, and punitive self-relating have long been associated with NSSI and with developmental pathways involving trauma, parental control, peer stress, and internalized blame (Glassman et al., 2007; Hooley & Franklin, 2018; Xavier et al., 2016). Intensive longitudinal work further suggests that self-critical and self-punishment cognitions can rise in the immediate windows around NSSI urges and episodes (Burke et al., 2021a, 2021b).

These findings can be interpreted mechanistically. Punitive cognition may function as a permission/coherence scaffold that reduces decision conflict under pressure. In attachment-loaded contexts, self-punishment can relocate blame to the self, preserve the over-idealized figure, and make injury feel allowed, deserved, or necessary when protest, hurt, disappointment, or boundary-relevant mobilization is appraised as unsafe, forbidden, futile, or relationally catastrophic.

2.3. Emotion Dysregulation and Experiential Avoidance Models

Emotion dysregulation and experiential avoidance models emphasize heightened affective intensity, impaired modulation, and the use of NSSI to escape or reduce aversive internal experience (Chapman et al., 2006; Gratz, 2003). These frameworks contribute an important organism-level insight: when internal states are appraised as intolerable or unacceptable, behavior is recruited to rapidly alter those states. Meta-analytic evidence supports robust associations between emotion dysregulation and NSSI across studies and samples (Wolff et al., 2019).

IRM addresses a narrower mechanistic question than emotion-regulation accounts: how mobilization, appraisal, deployable capacity, and relational constraint determine whether activation is routed into coherent action, outward expression, symbolic integration, or somatic control.

3. The Inward-Routed Mobilization Model (IRM)

IRM begins with a regulatory premise: organisms recruit physiological mobilization and action readiness in relation to what can be expressed, executed, and integrated in the moment. When mobilization can be deployed through coherent output or integrative processing, experience remains organized around action. When mobilization exceeds what can be safely expressed or integrated, urgency, affective pressure, dissociation, collapse, or compensatory control become more likely.

Within this state-space, NSSI is not selected because pain is globally preferred. Under severe constraint, it can become the most executable route to rapid state change: restoring local controllability, reorganizing attention, interrupting dissociation, reducing aversive activation, or discharging inwardly routed mobilization.

3.1. Core Constructs

Mobilization refers to physiological recruitment and action readiness, including sympathetic arousal, muscle tension, vigilance, restlessness, and boundary-relevant action pressure. Mobilization is not equivalent to emotion; it is the recruitment state from which affective phenomenology and action tendencies can emerge under particular appraisal and capacity conditions.

Activation refers to subjective urgency and action-imperative pressure: the felt sense that something must happen now. Activation can remain high even when outward behavior is restricted, as in shutdown, freeze, or dissociation. It is separable from physiological arousal: urgency can be high without obvious outward "revving," and arousal can be high without coherent goal-directed activation.

Deployable capacity refers to state-dependent resources available to convert mobilization into coherent action and meaning-making. Capacity is what is available under load, not what the person can do in principle. It includes cognitive capacity, relational capacity, biological reserve, and meaning capacity.

Constraint appraisal refers to rapid predictions that negative affect toward an over-idealized or attachment-relevant figure cannot be safely represented, expressed, or acted upon. Predicted costs may include abandonment, rejection, punishment, escalation, humiliation, shame, loss of belonging, collapse of an over-idealized relationship, or loss of moral coherence.

Throughput refers to the ability to route mobilization into speech, boundary action, help-seeking, repair, symbolic organization, or integration. Throughput restriction occurs when output narrows, cognition becomes less flexible, and private state-change maneuvers gain comparative advantage.

3.2. State Conditions Relevant to NSSI Selection

NSSI risk concentrates when mobilization exceeds what can be safely expressed, represented, or integrated while deployable capacity is low. Risk rises when activation becomes urgent and outward throughput is restricted: appraisal compresses, time horizon shortens, self-directed punitive cognition can increase, and private high-certainty maneuvers gain comparative advantage. The critical state is not arousal alone, but mobilization under constraint with reduced capacity for outward or symbolic resolution.

4. Four-Step Model: From Over-Idealized-Figure Constraint to Self-Directed Action

4.1. The Over-Idealized Figure as the Gating Variable

Attachment and belonging contexts intensify policy compression because conflict, attachment security, perceived support, status, acceptance, exclusion, and identity formation shape adolescent adjustment and daily-life fluctuations in NSSI urges and behavior (Allen et al., 2007; Bureau et al., 2010; Claes et al., 2015; Gandhi et al., 2017; Muehlenkamp et al., 2013; Tatnell et al., 2017; Turner et al., 2016). The same mobilization becomes harder to route outward when the target is an over-idealized figure whose negative evaluation threatens belonging, dignity, identity stability, or moral coherence.

The central problem is blocked negative representation. The person may be unable to admit, even to the self, that the over-idealized figure is rejecting, cruel, disappointing, harmful, or unavailable. In mentalizing and identity terms, the figure cannot be held as a separate person toward whom mixed or negative states can be safely represented (Fonagy & Target, 1997; Gandhi et al., 2017; Luyten et al., 2020). If protest, disappointment, hurt, or anger cannot be placed on the figure without threatening attachment, belonging, or moral coherence, the self becomes the safer and more controllable target.

4.2. Truncated Protest Mobilization: Action Readiness Before Conscious Anger

Truncated protest mobilization refers to an incipient movement toward objection, boundary-setting, withdrawal, or negative appraisal that is interrupted before it can be consciously represented as directed toward the over-idealized figure. It may be experienced instead as pressure, shame, numbness, agitation, self-disgust, self-hatred, or the urgent need to do something. Anger remains important as boundary-relevant action readiness, but it is not the required subjective label in every episode.

4.3. Why Inward Routing Becomes Selectable

When outward expression is gated, the system faces a concrete control problem: mobilization is high, urgency compresses time, and outward action is forecast as unsafe, prohibited, futile, or relationally catastrophic. The self is continuously available and requires no negotiation with the external environment, so it becomes the most executable target under constraint.

A plausible developmental pathway follows: in relational ecologies marked by power asymmetry, over-idealization, prohibition, shame, invalidation, or unreliable repair, a child or adolescent may consolidate an implicit rule: I cannot see you negatively, because doing so would endanger attachment, belonging, identity, or safety. Developmental, mentalizing, and identity literatures support the importance of representing self and other in organized, differentiated ways during adolescence (Crowell et al., 2009; Fonagy & Target, 1997; Gandhi et al., 2017; Luyten et al., 2020; Yates, 2004).

4.4. Why NSSI Is Selected: High-Control State Transition Under Constraint

NSSI becomes selectable because it is fast, private, and reliably executable under constrained throughput. It can produce arousal shift, attentional reorganization, dissociation interruption, numbing, or restored local controllability when outward boundary action is appraised as costly, unsafe, or futile (Hooley & Franklin, 2018).

4.5. Clinical Illustrations: When the Over-Idealized Figure Cannot Be Seen Negatively

The following de-identified composite patterns illustrate how blocked negative representation can organize inward routing; they are hypothesis-generating examples rather than causal evidence.

In one de-identified composite adolescent pattern, recurrent NSSI occurred alongside insistence that the relationship with the mother was not tense. The mother was described protectively, while blame was located almost entirely in the adolescent self. Episodes followed moments of hurt, perceived criticism, or disappointment that could not be safely represented as anger or protest toward the over-idealized caregiver; the negative affective pressure was instead routed toward the body.

In a second de-identified composite pattern, an adolescent repeatedly experienced distress at school while refusing to view classmates as mean, rejecting, or humiliating. Because belonging to the peer group carried status, legitimacy, and hope of acceptance, negative representation of the group threatened belonging. Protest was truncated before it could be named, and self-directed blame and NSSI became more available than outward recognition of rejection or cruelty.

Across these patterns, the empirical question is whether blocked negative representation and inward routing can be observed prospectively across caregivers, admired peers, romantic partners, teachers, coaches, religious authorities, or groups whose acceptance is identity-relevant.

4.6. NSSI and Suicidal Ideation: Different Organizing Logics

IRM distinguishes two organizing logics that can clinically overlap. NSSI is organized around inward-routed negative affective mobilization: truncated protest, hurt, shame, humiliation, disappointment, or boundary-relevant anger that cannot be placed on an over-idealized or attachment-relevant figure is redirected toward the self and body. Suicidal ideation is more centrally organized around escape from unbearable pain, entrapment, hopelessness, or perceived unlivability. NSSI remains associated with elevated suicide risk, but the proximal selection logic is not identical.

4.7. Four-Step Procedural Model of NSSI Episodes

A representative trajectory can be summarized in four steps:

• Mobilization arises: a provocation activates hurt, protest, shame, humiliation, disappointment, anger, rejection pain, or frustrated need.
• The over-idealized figure cannot be viewed negatively: the interpersonal source of the affect is protected by attachment, belonging, moral coherence, fear, desirability, authority, or identity relevance.
• Negative affective mobilization is truncated and routed inward: outward throughput is appraised as unsafe, forbidden, futile, or relationally catastrophic, while deployable capacity for integration or boundary action narrows.
• NSSI becomes a state-transition action: the body becomes the immediate, private, controllable site through which pressure, numbness, shame, or self-directed affect can be rapidly altered.

This sequence distinguishes surface functions from generative process: relief, grounding, self-punishment, and communication may describe what NSSI accomplishes after selection, while the four-step sequence specifies how self-injury becomes selectable. Each step can be measured, falsified, and clinically targeted.

5. Testable Predictions

5.1. Core Test 1: Selection Rule in Real Time

Within persons, momentary increases in mobilization and/or activation should prospectively predict NSSI urge intensity and behavior most strongly during high-constraint windows, especially when deployable capacity is low. Statistically, this implies mobilization/activation by constraint interactions and capacity moderation.

5.2. Core Test 2: The Bridge from Urge to Action

Momentary punitive self-appraisals should function as permission/coherence scaffolds that accelerate inward routing by reducing decision conflict and increasing action permissibility under constraint. Accordingly, punitive self-appraisals should prospectively predict the urge-to-action transition above and beyond distress intensity, and should partially mediate the relation between high-risk state configurations and subsequent NSSI behavior (Burke et al., 2021a; Burke et al., 2021b).

5.3. Core Test 3: State-Transition Signatures Around Episodes

NSSI urges and episodes should cluster around transitions into states marked by mobilization exceeding deployable capacity, rising urgency, throughput restriction, and compressed perceived options. Post-episode reports should show a state-transition signature: relief, numbing, attentional reorganization, or increased perceived control, consistent with NSSI as a rapid, high-certainty state transition (Hooley & Franklin, 2018).

5.4. Secondary Predictions

Target-shift signature under over-idealized figure constraint. When the provoking context is attachment- or belonging-loaded and outward expression is appraised as unsafe, self-directed blame, inward-routed protest, or negative affective mobilization toward the self should increase more steeply than consciously reported anger toward the over-idealized figure.

Sleep and autonomic flexibility as capacity amplifiers. Because deployable capacity is state-dependent, poor sleep and reduced autonomic flexibility should prospectively predict next-day increases in activation, constraint appraisals, and NSSI urge intensity above the individual's baseline.

Arousal-activation dissociation profiles. High-risk windows should include both shutdown profiles, in which activation remains high while outward physiological output is reduced, and agitated profiles, in which activation and mobilization are both high. Across both profiles, NSSI risk should be highest when constraint is high and deployable capacity is low.

In laboratory or analogue paradigms involving interpersonal threat or criticism, increasing perceived expressive permission and relational safety should reduce option narrowing, punitive permission scaffolds, and NSSI urges or behavioral proxies relative to suppression/prohibition conditions, with stronger effects among individuals with higher attachment insecurity or invalidation histories (Turner et al., 2016).

6. Clinical Implications

Immediate harm prevention remains essential in high-risk contexts. IRM adds a mechanistic formulation: NSSI's short-latency reliability reflects a learned, high-control state-transition policy, and sustained reductions in NSSI should track changes in the state variables that make the behavior selectable under load.

IRM is a formulation and research model, not a stand-alone risk-assessment instrument. Clinical use requires validated assessment, collaborative safety planning, lethal-means counseling, crisis intervention, and evidence-based treatment when indicated; IRM is intended to identify modifiable mediator targets within that broader standard of care.

6.1. Constraint Repair as a Multi-Domain Target

In this framework, constraint is the set of internal and external conditions that repeatedly close outward throughput and compress the action set. Biological constraints, such as sleep deprivation, autonomic rigidity, hyperarousal, or depletion, call for recovery and downshifting work. Cognitive constraints, such as rigidity, catastrophic forecasting, self-attack, or low mentalizing under load, call for flexibility and permission/coherence interventions. Interpersonal constraints, such as fear of conflict, low repair reliability, lack of safe disclosure, or power asymmetry, call for co-regulation scaffolding, graded assertion, and repair-based practice. Meaning constraints, such as hopelessness, narrative collapse, or an inability to imagine a livable next step, call for meaning restoration and future-linking.

This clarifies why behavior suppression alone often fails. If the constraint landscape is unchanged, the same high-risk configuration is repeatedly recreated, and the system will continue to overweight high-certainty private state-change maneuvers. Durable change should track capacity restoration and constraint repair.

6.2. Treatment-Relevant Mediator Targets

Clinical work can be organized around mediator targets: reducing activation volatility, increasing deployable capacity, reducing constraint appraisals, decreasing throughput restriction, weakening permission/coherence scaffolds, and expanding safe outward pathways. The key prediction is a measurable increase in the person's ability to convert mobilization into coordinated action, symbolic organization, relational communication, or integration rather than pressured urgency or restricted output.

A further treatment target is state mobility: the ability to move out of shutdown, dissociation, or pressured urgency into states in which symbolic processing, relational contact, and coordinated action become available again. Recovery should therefore be reflected not only in fewer NSSI episodes or lower distress, but in faster and more reliable movement toward states with broader regulatory options.

A clinically practical corollary is that constraint should be assessed as prediction, not as character. Constraint can be parsed into predicted relational cost ("If I show this, I'll lose them"), prohibition/permission ("I'm not allowed to feel or say this"), and efficacy/futility ("Nothing I do will help"). Mapping which component dominates determines what must be repaired: relational safety, permission structures, controllability, or objective safety planning.

6.3. Reframing Self-Punishment Without Minimizing Risk

NSSI is often labeled self-punishment, but this label can operate as moral shorthand rather than mechanism. Moralized framings may amplify shame and concealment states that increase constraint, reduce co-regulation access, and compress the feasible action set toward privately controllable maneuvers. A mechanistic reframe preserves a clear stance against harm while reducing self-contempt: the behavior is harmful, yet historically intelligible as a rapid state-change attempt under load. The clinical task is to translate moral language into targetable processes and build function-matched alternatives that can compete with NSSI's immediacy while weakening punitive permission structures.

6.4. Treat Protest Mobilization as Signal, Not Aggression

A common clinical error is to treat anger, protest, or negative affect as dangerous and therefore suppress it to keep relationships intact. In the attachment-constrained pathway, this strengthens appraisals that gate outward throughput: "If I feel it, I'm bad," "If I show it, I'll be abandoned," or "If I name it, it will escalate." A cleaner approach differentiates protest mobilization as boundary information from aggression-as-harm.

Operationally, protest-mobilization work can be organized as permission, precision, and pathways. Permission legitimizes protest, hurt, disappointment, or anger while maintaining a clear stance against harm. Precision identifies what the mobilization is about and which constraint component blocks expression. Pathways build graded outputs that can carry mobilization without injury or relational catastrophe, progressing from private naming, journaling, non-injurious somatic discharge, or brief scripts to assertive statements, limits, repair attempts, and help-seeking.

6.5. Use Relationship as Co-Regulation, Not Control

Because the model is state-based, the therapeutic relationship functions as a regulatory context, not merely a delivery system for skills. Coercive responses, including threats, ultimatums, punitive restriction, or reflexive escalation to forced control, can inadvertently strengthen the appraisal that disclosure leads to control, punishment, or surveillance. Clients may then shift toward concealment and solitary regulation, increasing shame, reducing co-regulation access, and amplifying the conditions that make inward routing more selectable.

When safety intervention is clinically necessary, responses should be collaborative whenever possible, transparent in rationale, proportionate to imminent risk, and paired with repair. The goal is protection from harm without unnecessarily recreating a constraint ecology of high activation, low perceived permission, and low controllability.

• Box 1. Constraint Appraisal Assessment Toolkit

Constraint appraisals are state-dependent predictions. The aim is to identify which predicted cost is gating outward throughput so intervention can target the relevant component.

• Safety/repair anchor: Who is most steady for you when you are activated, and what does repair look like with them?
• What feels dangerous about expression? If you said it directly, what do you expect would happen right away, and later?
• Relational cost: What is the worst relational outcome your system is protecting you from?
• Permission/prohibition: Is there a rule here about what you are not allowed to feel or say?
• Efficacy/futility: In that moment, does it feel like anything you do would matter?
• Objective safety constraint: Would being direct actually make things less safe in the real world?
• Automatic safety move: What does your system do first to keep things safe: go quiet, smooth it over, fix it fast, shut down?
• Link to selection: When that prediction turns on under activation, options narrow toward what is immediate and privately controllable.

7. Discussion

Three contemporary findings converge on the proposed proximal architecture. First, intensive longitudinal studies show that self-punishment cognitions rise around urges and episodes, suggesting a permission/coherence process that can accelerate the urge-to-action transition under load (Burke et al., 2021a; Burke et al., 2021b). Second, daily-life work indicates that interpersonal conflict and perceived social support track fluctuations in urges and behavior, consistent with relational context acting as a gating variable (Turner et al., 2016). Third, decision-focused accounts propose that as distress and urgency rise, options narrow and immediate controllability becomes overweighted, making the body a reliably executable lever for state change (Hooley & Franklin, 2018).

IRM specifies a constrained-selection problem. As mobilization or activation rises under high constraint and low deployable capacity, rapid private state-change actions gain comparative advantage; punitive self-appraisals can reduce decision conflict and further shift selection toward inward routing.

The central contribution is a shift from descriptive functions to state-dependent regulatory selection. Emotion regulation, self-punishment, reinforcement, dissociation interruption, and interpersonal processes describe important components of NSSI; IRM specifies how those components converge into a common origin pathway linking relational constraint to self-injury without requiring conscious anger in every episode.

8. Limitations

IRM is a mechanism-level model that requires measurement development. Constraint appraisal and throughput restriction need validated operational definitions that distinguish boundary-relevant mobilization from aggressive intent and assess predicted relational costs without presuming caregiver malignancy or pathologizing culturally normative deference.

Second, heterogeneity is expected at the level of acquisition routes, sources, triggers, conscious motives, and reported functions. IRM proposes attachment-constrained inward routing as a common origin pathway while allowing alternative acquisition routes. Once self-injury has been learned, later episodes may generalize to different triggers and surface states, including numbness, shame, rejection pain, self-hatred, dissociation, anger, or interpersonal panic.

Third, causal inference requires multimethod work. Because the account hinges on dynamic coupling among mobilization, activation, appraisal, capacity, and selection, stronger tests will require intensive longitudinal designs with temporal ordering, experimental manipulation of expressive permission and interpersonal threat, and physiological measurement to evaluate mobilization-capacity coupling and activation-arousal dissociations. Cross-sectional endorsement patterns and retrospective motives are insufficient to adjudicate the proposed selection algorithm.

Fourth, the model implies limits on introspective access and construct labeling in the windows of greatest interest. Under high mobilization with elevated constraint and reduced deployable capacity, appraisal compresses and throughput may be restricted, shaping post-episode reconstruction. Self-reports that emphasize relief or deny anger content are important data, but they are not definitive proof that boundary-relevant mobilization was absent. This is a measurement challenge, not a license to impose motives.

9. Future Directions

Future work should validate low-burden EMA batteries that operationalize IRM's state variables: mobilization, activation, deployable capacity, constraint appraisal components, throughput restriction, option narrowing, and permission/coherence scaffolds. Where feasible, EMA should be paired with sleep and ambulatory physiology to index reserve and autonomic flexibility.

Several research directions follow directly from IRM: selection algorithm tests of mobilization/activation by constraint and capacity interactions; target-shift studies comparing self-directed blame, inward-routed protest, and anger-at-other in attachment-loaded contexts; state-transition analyses around high-mobilization, restricted-throughput states; and experimental paradigms manipulating expressive permission and relational safety versus suppression/prohibition.

Treatment studies can test whether interventions targeting sleep/recovery, autonomic downshifting, cognitive flexibility under load, co-regulation scaffolding, constraint repair, and graded outward throughput reduce NSSI above and beyond generic emotion-regulation skills. A central clinical prediction is that decreasing constraint appraisals and increasing safe outward throughput will reduce the comparative advantage of NSSI as a high-control maneuver under escalation.

10. Conclusions

NSSI is often described in terms of functions or broad labels, but such descriptions can obscure how self-injury becomes selected. The Inward-Routed Mobilization Model (IRM) links physiological mobilization, activation, appraisal, deployable capacity, over-idealized figure constraint, and policy selection. Its central claim is that NSSI commonly begins when protest, hurt, disappointment, shame, humiliation, or anger cannot be safely represented toward an over-idealized figure, causing negative affective mobilization to become truncated, routed inward, and enacted through the body as a rapid state-transition maneuver.

The decisive empirical test is whether changes in the proposed mechanisms alter NSSI selection: reducing constraint, increasing deployable capacity, weakening punitive permission/coherence scaffolds, and expanding safe outward throughput should reduce the comparative advantage of NSSI under activation.