Remote Sensing for Vegetation Monitoring: Insights of a Cross-Platform Coherence Evaluation

Remote sensing has revolutionized monitoring landscapes that are inaccessible or impractical to survey on the ground. Satellite platforms such as Sentinel-2 enable assessment of ecosystem changes over extensive areas with high temporal frequency, while Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) offer flexible, ultra-high-resolution observations ideal for site-specific analysis and sensitive environments. This study compares the performance of Sentinel-2 and Phantom 4 multispectral RTK data for monitoring vegetation dynamics in Mediterranean shrubland ecosystems, focusing on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Both platforms produced broadly consistent patterns in seasonal and interannual vegetation dynamics. However, UAS outperformed satellite data in capturing fine-scale heterogeneity, regeneration patches, and subtle disturbance responses, particularly in sparsely vegetated or heterogeneous terrain where satellite metrics may be insensitive. The comparison of NDVI across platforms accounted for standardized processing, harmonization, radiometric and atmospheric correction, and spatial resolution differences. Results show platform selection can be optimized according to monitoring objectives: satellite data are well suited for large-scale, long-term ecosystem monitoring and regional environmental modelling, while UAS data provide critical detail for localized management, early stress detection, and restoration prioritization. A combined approach enhances ecosystem disturbance assessments and resource management by binding the strengths of both wide-area coverage and precise spatial detail.