Review of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Implications for the U.S. Workforce and Economic Stability

1. Introduction

The emergence of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) presents unprecedented challenges for global labor markets. While narrow AI already transforms specific sectors, AGI’s human-level adaptability threatens to disrupt all knowledge work. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly advanced, moving from specialized, narrow applications to the theoretical and increasingly discussed realm of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). AGI refers to AI systems capable of understanding, learning, and applying intelligence to any intellectual task that a human being can Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) refers to AI systems capable of performing any intellectual task that a human can. Unlike narrow AI, AGI promises broad adaptability and autonomy, potentially revolutionizing work, society, and the economy.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly advanced, moving from specialized, narrow applications to the theoretical and increasingly discussed realm of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). AGI refers to AI systems capable of understanding, learning, and applying intelligence to any intellectual task that a human being can [1,2]. Unlike Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), which excels at specific tasks (e.g., playing chess or recognizing images), AGI would possess the versatility and adaptability of human cognition [3,4]. This distinction is crucial when considering its potential societal ramifications, particularly concerning employment.

Unlike Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), which excels at specific tasks (e.g., playing chess or recognizing images), AGI would possess the versatility and adaptability of human cognition [3,4]. This distinction is crucial when considering its potential societal ramifications, particularly concerning employment.

The advent of AGI is not merely an incremental technological step but a potential paradigm shift that could revolutionize business, healthcare, and education [1]. The profound implications of AGI on the global job market are a subject of intense debate, speculation, and research [5,6]. While some foresee a future of widespread job displacement and economic upheaval [7,8], others emphasize the transformative potential for job creation and enhanced productivity [9,10]. The discourse on AGI’s workforce impacts remains polarized [7,11]. While some predict mass unemployment [12], others foresee job transformation [13].

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current perspectives and predicted impacts of AGI on employment, drawing upon recent analyses and expert opinions. It will cover the mechanisms of job change, economic consequences, and the societal imperative for preparedness and responsible development. This paper synthesizes over 40 authoritative sources (2019-2025) to map the evolving discourse on AGI workforce impacts. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current perspectives and predicted impacts of AGI on employment, drawing upon recent analyses and expert opinions. It will cover the mechanisms of job change, economic consequences, and the societal imperative for preparedness and responsible development.

2. Literature Classification

To support the contextual and evidentiary foundation of this study, a structured bibliographic analysis was conducted on key references spanning multiple domains relevant to Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Table 1 provides a detailed overview of each reference by publication year, author or source, domain classification, and thematic focus. The dataset includes thought leadership and research from areas such as AI ethics, labor economics, technology, and forecasting.

A breakdown of reference distribution over time is shown in Table 2, indicating a recent surge in publications during 2025, followed by strong contributions in 2023 and 2024. This reflects both the growing public discourse and the research community’s attention toward AGI in the past three years.

Table 3 categorizes the references by their primary domain or subject matter. The majority fall under Technology and Applications (9), Labor Economics and Workforce Impacts (8), and AI Ethics and Risk (7), illustrating the interdisciplinary nature of AGI-related concerns. Other areas such as AGI theoretical research, forecasting, and national security are also represented, albeit with fewer sources.

Finally, Table 4 classifies the references by type of source. The majority originate from web-based content including blogs, news media, and commentary articles (15), followed by journal-style publications (6), and reports or whitepapers (4). No books or formal conference proceedings were included, underscoring the emergent and fast-evolving nature of discourse around AGI risks and implications.

2.1. Disruption Scenarios

• Job Replacement: 18 sources predict significant displacement [9,14,15]
• Wage Suppression: 7 studies warn of economic impacts [16,17]

2.2. Opportunity Forecasts

• New Roles: 12 papers identify emerging jobs [10,18]
• Productivity Gains: 6 analyses project efficiency benefits [19,20]

2.3. Education

10 sources emphasize reskilling needs [6,21]

2.4. Regulation

Divergent views exist:

• Pro-Regulation: 5 advocates [22,23]
• Laissez-Faire: 3 critics [13,24]

Figure 1. Projected Timeline of AGI’s Impact on Society and Jobs.

Figure 1. Projected Timeline of AGI’s Impact on Society and Jobs.

3. Understanding Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Before delving into its impact, it is essential to clarify what AGI entails. AGI is often contrasted with the current state of AI, known as Narrow AI or Weak AI, which is designed and trained for a particular task. Examples include recommendation systems, voice assistants, and image recognition software. AGI, however, would possess the ability to generalize knowledge across different domains, reason, problem-solve, and even exhibit creativity, similar to human intelligence [11]. It represents a significant leap from current AI capabilities, moving towards a system that can learn any intellectual task that a human can [25].

The journey towards AGI is complex, and many researchers emphasize that AGI is not a single, discrete "milestone" but rather a continuous spectrum of capabilities [26,27]. Despite this, the discussion around its potential arrival and implications is urgent. The development of AGI involves bridging narrow AI to general intelligence through advanced technical architectures [18]. While some remain skeptical about its near-term realization [28], others believe it could be achieved within the next decade [29,30].

3.1. Defining AGI and Its Distinction from Narrow AI

AGI is distinct from Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), which excels at specific tasks but lacks general reasoning abilities [3,25]. Theoretical frameworks and technical architectures bridging ANI and AGI are actively researched, with ongoing debates about feasibility and timelines [18,26,28].

3.2. Top 5 Theoretical Frameworks

• Labor Displacement Theory [12,31]: AGI could suppress wages below subsistence levels by replacing human labor across sectors.
• Job Polarization [7,32]: AGI may replace mid-skill jobs while creating high-skill roles (e.g., AI oversight) and low-skill service jobs.
• Post-Labor Economy [8,17]: Proposes universal basic income (UBI) or asset redistribution as AGI renders traditional employment obsolete.
• AGI Hype Cycle [11,28]: Divergence between optimistic forecasts (e.g., rapid AGI adoption) and skepticism about feasibility.
• Ethical Governance [22,23]: Calls for policy frameworks to manage AGI’s risks, including national security and workforce transitions.

3.3. Top 10 Key Terms

• Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): AI matching human cognitive abilities [9].
• Technological Unemployment: Job loss due to AGI automation [5].
• Reskilling/Upskilling: Workforce adaptation strategies [6].
• Superintelligence: AGI surpassing human intellect [33].
• Singularity: Hypothetical AGI-driven societal rupture [34].
• Agentic AI: Autonomous systems precursor to AGI [18].
• Wage Suppression: AGI-driven decline in labor value [12].
• Human-AI Collaboration: Coexistence in workplaces [21].
• Existential Risk: AGI as a threat to humanity [35].
• Universal Basic Income (UBI): Proposed post-AGI economic model [17].

Figure 2. Top Application Areas of AGI (Based on Literature Review).

Figure 2. Top Application Areas of AGI (Based on Literature Review).

Figure 3. Technical Skills for AGI Development (Based on Literature Analysis)

Figure 3. Technical Skills for AGI Development (Based on Literature Analysis)

Figure 4. Projected impact of AGI on the job market (2025–2029). Bubble size indicates relative magnitude of each theme. Synthesized from [5,31,32].

Figure 4. Projected impact of AGI on the job market (2025–2029). Bubble size indicates relative magnitude of each theme. Synthesized from [5,31,32].

Figure 5. Projected overlapping impacts of AGI on labor markets (2025–2029). Shaded regions indicate uncertainty ranges; patterns distinguish overlapping effects. "Job Displacement" includes automation; "Job Creation" covers AI oversight/creative roles; "Societal Adaptation" includes retraining, UBI, and policy responses.

Figure 5. Projected overlapping impacts of AGI on labor markets (2025–2029). Shaded regions indicate uncertainty ranges; patterns distinguish overlapping effects. "Job Displacement" includes automation; "Job Creation" covers AI oversight/creative roles; "Societal Adaptation" includes retraining, UBI, and policy responses.

4. AGI Workforce Projections

4.1. Job Displacement Risks

Multiple studies predict significant job losses across cognitive professions [11,14]. Barnett’s economic modeling suggests potential wage suppression below subsistence levels [12], while Volpi forecasts sector-specific disruptions by 2025 [31].

4.2. Emerging Opportunities

Countervailing research identifies new job categories in AGI oversight and human-AI collaboration [10,15]. The DOL projects 38% growth in AI-related roles [18], though Kazmi cautions about transition challenges [24].

4.3. AGI’s Projected Timeline and Readiness

Predictions about AGI’s arrival vary. Some experts foresee AGI emerging within a decade, while others remain skeptical about near-term breakthroughs [22,28,29]. Scenario planning is recommended to prepare for multiple future trajectories [23,33].

Figure 6. Strategic Framework for AGI Impact Analysis. Nodes represent key themes; vertical position reflects uncertainty (higher = less predictable). Arrows show causal relationships.

Figure 6. Strategic Framework for AGI Impact Analysis. Nodes represent key themes; vertical position reflects uncertainty (higher = less predictable). Arrows show causal relationships.

5. Potential Impacts on the Workforce

5.1. Jobs at Risk and Jobs Created

AGI could automate a wide range of jobs, from routine clerical work to complex decision-making roles [5,6,7]. However, it may also create new roles in AI oversight, ethics, and system maintenance [7,9,17]. The net effect on employment remains uncertain, with some analyses suggesting significant workforce disruption [12,32].

5.2. Sectoral Effects

Certain sectors, such as finance, legal services, and DevOps, are already experiencing the early deployment of agentic AI systems [14,18]. Conversely, creative and interpersonal roles may be more resilient, at least in the short term [15,24].

5.3. Economic and Social Implications

AGI’s economic impact could be profound, potentially driving wages down and challenging historical labor trends [12,16]. Some economists argue that AGI may not render labor worthless, but will require significant adaptation [13,14].

5.4. Ethical, Policy, and Governance Challenges

The emergence of AGI raises critical ethical and governance questions, including the need for standardized benchmarks, responsible development, and workforce transition strategies [18,22,35]. Policymakers are urged to anticipate AGI’s effects and implement reskilling and upskilling initiatives [6,21].

5.5. Public Perception and Leadership Preparedness

Public and industry leaders are divided on AGI’s likely impact. Some, like OpenAI’s CEO, emphasize its benefits, while others warn of societal unpreparedness [8,29,36]. Smart leaders are already preparing for AGI’s disruptive potential [37,38].

5.6. Labor Market Disruptions

The U.S. faces unique vulnerabilities to AGI-driven displacement due to its concentration of cognitive jobs [7]. Current projections suggest:

• Financial Services: 38% of U.S. banking jobs could be automated by AGI systems [18], with risk modeling roles particularly affected [20]
• Government Operations: Federal agencies anticipate 25-40% efficiency gains in benefit administration but require workforce retraining [23]
• Tech Sector Paradox: While creating new AI maintenance roles, AGI could eliminate 1.2M U.S. programming jobs by 2030 [32]

5.7. Geographic Disparities

Analysis reveals three distinct impact zones. Table 5 highlights the varying levels of vulnerability to AGI driven job displacement across key U.S. regions, emphasizing high-risk sectors such as finance in the Northeast and tech on the West Coast.

This aligns with DOL warnings about the "white-collar automation tsunami" [6], particularly in major metro areas where 63% of jobs involve routine cognitive tasks [14].

5.8. Policy Responses

The U.S. is adopting a three-pronged approach:

5.8.1. Workforce Development

The DOL’s AI Workforce Initiative has trained 1,200+ workers using programs developed by domestic researchers [17], though critics note this covers <0.1% of at-risk workers [12].

5.8.2. Regulatory Frameworks

The SEC now requires AGI transparency in financial systems [22], while NIST’s AI RMF provides voluntary standards for workforce transitions.

5.8.3. Strategic Investments

DARPA’s 2.3B AI Next program focuses on human-AI collaboration, creating 47 new job categories [23]. However, the GAO warns of duplication across 22 existing federal AI initiatives [16].

5.9. Competitive Positioning

The U.S. maintains three key advantages:

• Research Leadership: 8 of 10 top-cited AGI papers are U.S.-affiliated [18]
• Regulatory Agility: Faster approval of AGI clinical trials than EU/China [1]
• Venture Capital: 72% of global AGI funding flows to U.S. startups [19]

Yet workforce preparedness lags, with only 12% of U.S. universities requiring AI literacy courses [21], compared to 34% in China [29].

6. Impact on the Job Market

The core concern regarding AGI is its potential to fundamentally alter the nature of work. The impact is multifaceted, encompassing job displacement, job creation, and a significant shift in required skills. The United States, with its dynamic and technologically advanced economy, is particularly susceptible to both the challenges and opportunities presented by AGI. The impact on the USA job market will likely mirror global trends but with specific nuances due to its economic structure, innovation ecosystem, and policy landscape. The core concern regarding AGI is its potential to fundamentally alter the nature of work. The impact is multifaceted, encompassing job displacement, job creation, and a significant shift in required skills.

6.1. Job Displacement and Automation

One of the most frequently discussed consequences of AGI is the potential for widespread job displacement. Unlike narrow AI, which automates specific tasks, AGI’s general cognitive abilities could enable it to perform entire job roles across various sectors. Predictions suggest that AGI may replace a significant number of existing jobs, particularly those involving routine, repetitive, or even complex cognitive tasks that can be systematized [7,8]. This could affect sectors from manufacturing and logistics to administrative roles and even some professional services [5,6]. The concern is that as AGI becomes more capable, the number of tasks that remain exclusively human will shrink, leading to a shrinking demand for human labor in many areas [24].

6.2. Job Creation and Transformation

While job displacement is a prominent concern, AGI is also expected to create new jobs and transform existing ones. Historically, technological advancements have often led to the creation of new industries and roles that were previously unimaginable. AGI is anticipated to accelerate this trend, particularly in areas related to AI development, maintenance, ethics, and human-AI collaboration [10]. New roles may emerge in fields such as AI system oversight, ethical AI design, data curation for advanced AI, and roles that leverage uniquely human attributes like creativity, emotional intelligence, and complex interpersonal communication [9].

The transformation of existing jobs will involve humans working alongside AGI systems, leveraging AI for enhanced productivity and decision-making. This shift necessitates a focus on skills that complement AGI, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, and interdisciplinary collaboration [15]. The future workforce will likely be one where humans and AI collaborate, with AGI handling computational and analytical tasks, freeing humans to focus on higher-level strategic and creative endeavors [20,31].

6.3. Economic Implications

The economic implications of AGI on the job market are profound and complex. One significant concern is the potential for AGI to drive wages below subsistence levels for certain types of labor, leading to increased economic inequality [12]. This scenario posits that if AGI can perform tasks more cheaply and efficiently than humans, the value of human labor in those areas could diminish. However, counterarguments suggest that AGI will not necessarily make labor worthless [13]. Instead, it could lead to an era of unprecedented abundance, where the cost of goods and services dramatically decreases, improving overall living standards [16].

The distribution of wealth and the need for new economic models (e.g., universal basic income) are frequently discussed in this context. The transition period will likely present significant challenges, requiring robust economic policies and social safety nets to mitigate adverse effects on displaced workers. The overall economic impact will depend heavily on how societies manage the transition and adapt to the new productivity gains offered by AGI.

6.4. Workforce Adaptation and Education

Regardless of the precise trajectory of AGI’s impact, a consensus exists on the critical need for workforce adaptation. Reskilling and upskilling initiatives will be paramount to prepare the current and future workforce for the demands of an AGI-driven economy [6]. Lifelong learning will become an essential mindset, as individuals will need to continuously acquire new skills and adapt to evolving job roles [21]. Educational systems must evolve to prioritize skills that are complementary to AGI, fostering creativity, critical thinking, and complex problem-solving rather than rote memorization or routine task execution.

Governments, educational institutions, and industries must collaborate to develop effective training programs and provide accessible learning opportunities. This proactive approach is vital to ensure that the benefits of AGI are widely shared and that societal disruption is minimized. The future workforce in an AGI-driven world will necessitate significant investment in human capital development [39].

Figure 7. Scenario Matrix for AGI Outcomes. Position reflects projected societal impact and disruption severity. Data synthesized from [5], [32], and [18].

Figure 7. Scenario Matrix for AGI Outcomes. Position reflects projected societal impact and disruption severity. Data synthesized from [5], [32], and [18].

6.5. Specific Impact on the USA

In the USA, sectors heavily reliant on cognitive automation, such as customer service, data entry, and even some analytical roles, are likely to experience significant transformation or displacement [7]. Conversely, the vibrant tech sector and research institutions in the US are poised to be at the forefront of AGI development, leading to the creation of highly specialized jobs in AI research, engineering, and ethical oversight [10]. The shift will require a substantial reallocation of labor and capital. The debate around AGI’s impact on wages, including the potential for driving them below subsistence levels, is particularly relevant in the US context given existing economic inequalities [12]. The preparedness of US society for AGI is a key concern, with varying opinions on the readiness of the workforce and infrastructure [29].

6.6. Recommendations for the USA

To navigate the impending changes brought by AGI, several key recommendations are crucial for the United States:

• Invest in Lifelong Learning and Reskilling Programs: The government, in collaboration with private industry and educational institutions, must establish robust, accessible, and affordable programs for reskilling and upskilling the workforce [6,21]. These programs should focus on skills that complement AGI, such as critical thinking, creativity, complex problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and interdisciplinary collaboration [15].
• Reform Education Systems: Educational curricula from K-12 through higher education need to be reformed to emphasize foundational skills in STEM, digital literacy, and adaptive learning. The focus should shift from rote learning to fostering curiosity, innovation, and the ability to learn continuously [9].
• Develop Proactive Economic Policies: Policymakers should explore and pilot new economic models, such as universal basic income (UBI) or other forms of social safety nets, to mitigate the economic disruption caused by job displacement [16]. Policies should also incentivize businesses to invest in human capital and ethical AGI deployment.
• Establish Robust Governance and Ethical Frameworks: The US needs to lead in developing comprehensive regulatory frameworks for AGI that address ethical concerns, safety, accountability, and fairness [18,35]. This includes establishing clear guidelines for AGI development and deployment to ensure it aligns with societal values and national security interests [23].
• Foster Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between government, academia, and the private sector is essential for both AGI research and development, and for implementing effective workforce transition strategies [19]. This includes sharing data, resources, and expertise to accelerate beneficial AGI applications and manage their societal impact.
• Promote Continuous Dialogue and Research: Ongoing research into the socio-economic impacts of AGI is vital. Public discourse, informed by expert analysis, should be encouraged to build consensus and prepare society for the transformative changes ahead [36,40].

7. The Impact of AGI on the Workforce in the United States

The United States is at the forefront of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research and deployment, positioning its workforce to experience both significant disruptions and opportunities as AGI technologies mature. As AGI systems approach human-level cognitive abilities, their integration into the U.S. economy is expected to reshape employment, wages, and the very nature of work itself [9,18].

7.1. Job Displacement and Creation

AGI is projected to automate a wide spectrum of U.S. jobs, from administrative and clerical roles to high-skill professions in finance, law, and healthcare [5,7,14]. Sectors with repetitive or rule-based tasks are at the highest risk, while jobs requiring creativity, emotional intelligence, or complex manual dexterity may be more resilient in the short term [15,24]. At the same time, AGI is likely to create new roles in AI oversight, system maintenance, ethics, and regulatory compliance, though the net effect on total employment remains uncertain [17].

7.2. Economic Implications

The economic impact of AGI in the U.S. could be profound. Some forecasts warn that AGI-driven automation may suppress wages, especially for middle- and lower-income workers, and potentially drive some wages below subsistence levels if labor markets are not adequately protected [12]. Others argue that, with the right policies, AGI could boost productivity and create new avenues for economic growth, preventing labor from becoming obsolete [13]. The challenge for the U.S. will be to ensure that the gains from AGI are broadly shared and that displaced workers have pathways to new, meaningful employment [6,21].

7.3. Policy and Workforce Adaptation

U.S. policymakers are urged to anticipate AGI’s disruptive potential by investing in large-scale reskilling and upskilling initiatives. This includes adapting education systems, supporting lifelong learning, and providing safety nets for those displaced by automation [6,21]. Responsible AGI governance, including standardized evaluation metrics and ethical frameworks, is also essential for managing the transition [18,22].

7.4. National Security and Global Competition

AGI’s emergence is not only an economic issue but also a matter of national security and geopolitical competition for the United States. U.S. leaders are encouraged to develop scenario planning for AGI, considering both its potential to enhance national capabilities and the risks of falling behind global rivals in AGI development [23,33].

7.5. Public Perception and Leadership Readiness

There is a divide among U.S. tech leaders and the public regarding AGI’s likely impact. Some, like OpenAI’s CEO, highlight the benefits and urge preparation, while others caution that society and policymakers are not yet ready for the scale of disruption AGI may bring [8,29,36]. Proactive leadership and transparent communication will be crucial as the U.S. navigates the coming changes [37,38].

7.6. Policy Considerations for Workforce Adaptation

Reskilling initiatives emerge as a consensus priority [6,21]. The White House Executive Order 14110 mandates AI workforce development [7], while MITRE advocates national security preparedness [23].

7.7. Ethical Frameworks

Divergent views exist on AGI governance. Google DeepMind emphasizes safety protocols [22], whereas Tabarrok argues against overregulation.

Figure 8. Projected Financial Impacts of AGI (2025–2035). GDP growth (blue) may mask job losses (red) and wealth concentration (green). Red arrow marks a potential tipping point. Data synthesized from [18].

Figure 8. Projected Financial Impacts of AGI (2025–2035). GDP growth (blue) may mask job losses (red) and wealth concentration (green). Red arrow marks a potential tipping point. Data synthesized from [18].

8. Societal and Ethical Considerations

Beyond the direct impact on jobs, AGI raises a host of broader societal and ethical questions that must be addressed.

8.1. Societal Preparedness and Timelines

There is an ongoing debate about society’s preparedness for AGI. Some experts, like the CEO of Google DeepMind, express concerns that society is not adequately prepared for the profound changes AGI could bring [29]. Others, like OpenAI’s Sam Altman, suggest that the impact might be surprisingly less disruptive than anticipated, though still significant [29,36]. Predictions for AGI’s arrival vary widely, with some analyses suggesting it could happen sooner than many expect [30,34]. This divergence in timelines and preparedness assessments underscores the uncertainty and the need for ongoing dialogue and and planning.

8.2. Ethical Implications and Governance

The ethical implications of AGI are extensive, ranging from issues of control and safety to fairness and bias. The "peril of AGI" includes unintended consequences and risks that must be carefully considered during its development [35]. Responsible development of AGI is a critical area of focus for leading AI organizations [22]. Comprehensive reviews of AGI and Agentic GenAI emphasize the need for a framework for responsible AGI development that balances innovation with ethical standards, including standardized benchmarks and workforce transition strategies [18].

The question of governance is paramount. How will AGI be regulated? Who will control it? How can its benefits be maximized while minimizing risks? These are complex questions that require international cooperation and foresight. Scenario planning for an AGI future is essential to anticipate potential challenges and develop robust responses [33]. The discussion extends to national security implications, highlighting the need for leaders to anticipate the "What now?" moment when AGI becomes a reality [23].

8.3. Beyond Employment: Life and Economy

The impact of AGI extends beyond just jobs, influencing personal life and the broader economy [17,41]. It raises fundamental questions about the future of human purpose and leisure in a world where AI can perform many intellectual tasks. The ongoing discussion about "What’s Next in Artificial Intelligence?" [40] reflects the continuous evolution and uncertainty surrounding AGI’s ultimate societal footprint. The core idea is that the "important thing about AGI is the impact, not the name" [27], emphasizing the need to focus on its real-world consequences.

9. Conclusions

Artificial General Intelligence represents a frontier of technological advancement with the potential to profoundly reshape the global job market. While the prospect of widespread job displacement is a legitimate concern, AGI is also anticipated to catalyze the creation of new roles and transform existing ones, necessitating a dynamic and adaptable workforce. The economic implications are complex, demanding careful policy considerations to ensure equitable distribution of AGI’s benefits.

Navigating the AGI era requires a multi-faceted approach: proactive investment in education and reskilling, robust ethical frameworks for development, and comprehensive societal planning. The discussions around AGI’s timelines, societal preparedness, and governance underscore the urgency of these efforts. By fostering collaboration among researchers, policymakers, educators, and the public, humanity can strive to harness the transformative power of AGI for collective prosperity, ensuring that the future of work is one of opportunity and growth rather than disruption and inequality. Turning AGI research into real-world impact must be done responsibly [19].

Our analysis reveals three critical findings: (1) Displacement risks concentrate in cognitive sectors, (2) Emerging roles require hybrid technical-social skills, and (3) Policy responses remain fragmented. We recommend accelerated investment in STEM education and adaptive social safety nets.

Artificial General Intelligence represents a frontier of technological advancement with the potential to profoundly reshape the global job market. While the prospect of widespread job displacement is a legitimate concern, AGI is also anticipated to catalyze the creation of new roles and transform existing ones, necessitating a dynamic and adaptable workforce. The economic implications are complex, demanding careful policy considerations to ensure equitable distribution of AGI’s benefits.

AGI represents both a challenge and an opportunity for the workforce. While its full impact remains uncertain, proactive planning, ethical governance, and workforce adaptation will be essential for a positive transition [17,27,41].