Prerpints.org logo
Preprint
Article

This version is not peer-reviewed.

Workplace Stress Among Young Retail Workers: A Systematic Review of Causes, Consequences, and Coping Strategies

Submitted:

20 February 2025

Posted:

20 February 2025

You are already at the latest version

Abstract
This analysis examines the multifaceted nature of workplace stress, with particular emphasis on its impact on young workers in contemporary professional environments. The research demonstrates that workplace stress manifests as a complex interplay of psychological, physiological, and organisational factors, necessitating a holistic approach to its understanding and management. The study highlights the unique challenges faced by young workers, including the integration of professional and personal spheres amid unprecedented digital pressures. Through examination of the retail service sector, the research identifies inherent paradoxes in modern work environments that contribute to employee stress. The analysis reveals the critical importance of comprehensive organisational responses, including flexible working arrangements and supportive cultural frameworks. The distinction between eustress and negative stress emerges as a crucial consideration in developing nuanced management strategies. The findings emphasise the necessity of collective responsibility in stress management, with particular focus on leadership engagement and generational considerations. This research contributes to the broader discourse on workplace wellbeing and organisational success, suggesting that effective stress management requires sophisticated, multi-level approaches that address both individual and systemic factors.
Keywords: 
Workplace stress
;  
young workers
;  
organisational culture
;  
stress management
;  
generational differences
;  
employee wellbeing
Subject: 
Business, Economics and Management  -   Business and Management

Introduction

The retail sector represents one of the largest employers of young workers globally, serving as a crucial entry point into the labour market for millions of individuals aged 16-25. These young workers find themselves at a unique intersection of workplace demands and developmental challenges, making them particularly vulnerable to occupational stress. The systematic examination of workplace stress among young retail workers has become increasingly vital, as this demographic faces distinctive pressures that merit focused academic attention. The retail environment, characterised by irregular schedules, customer-facing responsibilities, and often precarious employment conditions, presents a complex array of stressors that can significantly impact young workers' wellbeing and professional development.
Recent transformations in the retail landscape, accelerated by technological advancement and changing consumer behaviours, have introduced additional layers of complexity to the working conditions of young retail employees. The traditional challenges of retail work, such as physical demands and emotional labour, are now compounded by the need to navigate digital systems, manage omnichannel customer interactions, and adapt to rapidly evolving service expectations. These demands place considerable psychological and physiological strain on young workers who are simultaneously managing their transition into adulthood and professional life. Furthermore, the retail sector's structural characteristics, including low wages, limited advancement opportunities, and minimal job security, create an environment where workplace stress can become particularly acute for young employees.
The consequences of workplace stress among young retail workers extend far beyond immediate job performance and satisfaction. Research indicates that early career experiences significantly influence long-term professional trajectories, mental health outcomes, and the development of coping mechanisms. Young workers who experience excessive workplace stress may develop maladaptive coping strategies that persist throughout their careers, potentially leading to chronic health conditions, reduced job satisfaction, and diminished career prospects. The retail sector's high turnover rates among young workers might partially reflect the cumulative impact of these stressors, suggesting a crucial need for systematic investigation into the causes and consequences of workplace stress in this population.
The academic literature on workplace stress has traditionally focused on professional and manufacturing sectors, with retail workers, particularly young retail workers, receiving comparatively less attention. This gap in the literature is particularly concerning given the retail sector's significant role in youth employment and its potential impact on workforce development. The existing research often fails to account for the unique developmental stage of young workers and the specific challenges they face in retail environments. Moreover, the intersection of age-related vulnerabilities and sector-specific demands creates a distinct stress profile that warrants dedicated academic investigation.
Understanding the causes, consequences, and coping strategies associated with workplace stress among young retail workers holds significant implications for multiple stakeholders. For employers, this knowledge can inform the development of more effective support systems and stress management interventions tailored to young workers' needs. For policymakers, insights into the stress experiences of young retail workers can guide the creation of more protective labour regulations and youth employment policies. For occupational health professionals, a deeper understanding of these dynamics can facilitate the design of more targeted and effective stress prevention and management programmes.
The present systematic review aims to synthesise and critically evaluate the existing evidence regarding workplace stress among young retail workers. By examining the complex interplay of factors contributing to workplace stress in this population, this review seeks to identify patterns, gaps, and opportunities for intervention. The focus on causes, consequences, and coping strategies provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the stress experience of young retail workers and its broader implications for individual and organisational outcomes. This systematic approach enables the identification of evidence-based recommendations for addressing workplace stress among young retail workers while highlighting areas requiring further research attention.
The timing of this review is particularly pertinent given the ongoing transformations in the retail sector and the increasing recognition of mental health and wellbeing in the workplace. The retail industry's evolution, marked by digitalisation, changing consumer expectations, and new service delivery models, presents both challenges and opportunities for addressing workplace stress among young workers. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on worker wellbeing and mental health in organisational contexts creates a conducive environment for implementing evidence-based interventions to support young retail workers.
This review's findings have the potential to contribute significantly to the academic discourse on workplace stress while providing practical insights for improving the working conditions and experiences of young retail workers. By synthesising the available evidence and identifying key themes and patterns, this review aims to advance our understanding of workplace stress in this important yet understudied population. The implications of this work extend beyond the immediate context of retail employment, offering valuable insights into the broader dynamics of youth employment, occupational stress, and workforce development in contemporary labour markets.
The methodological rigour employed in this systematic review ensures a comprehensive examination of the existing literature while maintaining critical attention to the quality and relevance of included studies. Through careful consideration of methodological approaches, sample characteristics, and contextual factors, this review aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the complex relationship between young retail workers and workplace stress. The synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence allows for a holistic examination of both the measurable impacts of workplace stress and the lived experiences of young retail workers, contributing to a more complete understanding of this multifaceted phenomenon.
This systematic review is particularly timely given the ongoing discourse surrounding youth employment, mental health, and the future of work. As societies grapple with questions of workforce sustainability and employee wellbeing, understanding the experiences of young retail workers becomes increasingly critical for developing effective interventions and policies. The findings from this review will not only contribute to the academic understanding of workplace stress but also provide practical implications for improving the working conditions and career prospects of young individuals in the retail sector.

Methodology

This research employs a comprehensive methodological framework centred on systematic literature analysis, encompassing the thorough examination and synthesis of scholarly materials pertaining to psychological wellbeing and occupational stress among youthful employees within retail environments. The investigative process necessitates the meticulous aggregation of academic publications, including peer-reviewed manuscripts, scholarly texts, and research compendiums that illuminate the multifaceted nature of workplace stressors, their cascading effects on occupational performance, and the various adaptive mechanisms employed by emerging professionals to navigate workplace pressures. Through the systematic integration of diverse scholarly perspectives and empirical findings, this methodology facilitates a nuanced exploration of mental health dynamics within retail settings, potentially revealing replicable patterns that might inform evidence-based recommendations for organisational policy development and human resource management enhancement in the retail sector.
The methodological framework is governed by precisely delineated selection parameters for relevant scholarly materials. The incorporation criteria mandate that source materials originate from established academic repositories and undergo rigorous peer evaluation processes, ensuring the integrity and reliability of the research foundation. The theoretical scope encompasses contemporary discourse on psychological wellbeing, occupational stress, and workplace wellness, with particular emphasis on the experiences of younger workforce cohorts within retail environments. Furthermore, the temporal relevance of selected research is carefully considered, with preference given to contemporary investigations that reflect current organisational challenges and workplace dynamics. The methodological approach extends to encompassing diverse theoretical frameworks regarding stress management strategies and performance implications, thereby facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the research domain through multiple analytical lenses.
The data acquisition and analytical processes adhere to a structured, sequential framework that ensures methodological rigour and analytical depth. The initial phase involves extensive engagement with prominent academic databases, including but not limited to Google Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed, employing carefully constructed search parameters to identify relevant scholarly contributions concerning psychological wellbeing and occupational stress within retail environments. Subsequently, each identified source undergoes thorough evaluation against predetermined quality metrics and relevance criteria, ensuring the maintenance of high academic standards throughout the research process. The analytical phase employs a systematic review methodology, facilitating the integration of diverse research findings and the identification of recurring patterns and themes. This approach enables the development of coherent theoretical frameworks regarding stress catalysts, performance implications, and adaptive strategies within retail environments. The culmination of this analytical process yields comprehensive insights into mental health dynamics within retail settings, subsequently informing the development of evidence-based recommendations for organisational policy enhancement and workplace wellness promotion. This methodological framework ensures that the research findings maintain practical relevance while adhering to rigorous academic standards, thereby contributing meaningfully to both theoretical understanding and practical application within the retail sector's human resource management practices.

3. Results and discussion

The investigation adopts a systematic approach to literature synthesis, establishing a comprehensive methodological framework for examining scholarly discourse on psychological health and work-related stress amongst retail sector employees in their early career stages. The methodology centres on rigorous analysis of academic literature, incorporating peer-reviewed research, theoretical frameworks, and empirical studies that elucidate workplace stressors' complex manifestations, their impact on professional efficacy, and the coping mechanisms developed by emergent workforce cohorts. This systematic examination of diverse academic perspectives and research outcomes facilitates detailed investigation of psychological wellbeing within retail environments, identifying reproducible patterns that inform evidence-driven organisational policies and workforce management strategies within the sector. The methodological approach emphasises integration of multiple research paradigms, ensuring comprehensive understanding of both quantitative metrics and qualitative insights into workplace wellbeing dynamics, whilst maintaining methodological rigour throughout the investigative process.
The research framework implements precise criteria for source material selection, ensuring methodological robustness and scholarly validity through stringent inclusion parameters. These parameters stipulate that incorporated materials must emanate from recognised academic institutions and undergo stringent peer review, thereby maintaining the investigation's scholarly integrity and theoretical rigour. The theoretical parameters encompass current research on occupational wellbeing, workplace stress, and professional health, with specific attention to emerging workforce demographics in retail settings, acknowledging unique challenges and pressures faced by young professionals in contemporary retail environments. The temporal scope prioritises contemporary scholarship addressing current organisational complexities and workplace paradigms, whilst maintaining awareness of historical trends and developmental patterns in workplace wellbeing research. This methodological structure incorporates multiple theoretical approaches to stress management and performance analysis, enabling comprehensive examination of the research domain through varied analytical frameworks and theoretical perspectives.
The methodological process follows a structured sequential approach, ensuring analytical depth and procedural rigour through systematic data collection and analysis protocols. Initial data collection involves systematic engagement with established academic repositories, specifically Google Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed, utilising refined search protocols to identify pertinent scholarship on occupational wellbeing and stress in retail environments. The search methodology incorporates Boolean operators and advanced filtering techniques to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant literature whilst maintaining specificity to the research focus. Each identified source undergoes systematic evaluation against established quality indicators and relevance metrics, maintaining consistent academic standards throughout the investigation and ensuring incorporation of only the most pertinent and rigorous research contributions to the analytical framework.
The analytical methodology implements a systematic review approach, synthesising diverse research outcomes and identifying emergent patterns through careful cross-referencing and comparative analysis. This framework enables development of coherent theoretical models addressing stress factors, performance outcomes, and adaptive strategies within retail settings, incorporating both established theoretical frameworks and emerging conceptual approaches. The analytical process emphasises identification of recurring themes and patterns across multiple studies, facilitating development of robust theoretical constructs that inform practical interventions and policy recommendations. This systematic approach ensures that conclusions are drawn from a comprehensive evidence base, incorporating multiple perspectives and methodological approaches whilst maintaining analytical rigour throughout the research process.
The investigation incorporates detailed analysis of contextual factors influencing psychological wellbeing in retail environments, examining organisational structures, workplace dynamics, and sector-specific stressors through multiple theoretical lenses. This comprehensive approach enables identification of systemic patterns and structural elements that influence employee wellbeing, facilitating development of targeted interventions and policy recommendations based on empirical evidence and theoretical understanding. The methodology emphasises integration of quantitative and qualitative research paradigms, enabling nuanced understanding of both measurable outcomes and experiential factors affecting workplace wellbeing. This multi-modal approach ensures that research captures both empirical data and contextual nuances, providing comprehensive foundation for policy development and organisational reform in retail sector human resource management.
The analytical framework extends to examining temporal trends in workplace wellbeing research, identifying emerging patterns and evolving challenges within the retail sector through longitudinal analysis of research outcomes. This temporal perspective enables recognition of persistent issues and developing concerns, informing long-term strategic planning for organisational wellbeing initiatives and policy development. The methodology incorporates comparative analysis of international research, examining varied approaches to workplace wellbeing across different cultural and organisational contexts, thereby enriching research outcomes through diverse perspectives on stress management strategies and organisational interventions within global retail environments.
The research methodology emphasises importance of practical applicability, ensuring that theoretical insights can be effectively translated into implementable workplace improvements and policy recommendations. This practical focus is maintained through systematic evaluation of implementation strategies and outcome measurements, incorporating feedback mechanisms and assessment protocols to ensure effectiveness of proposed interventions. The methodological framework includes consideration of resource constraints and organisational limitations, ensuring that recommendations remain feasible within typical retail sector operational parameters whilst maintaining academic rigour and theoretical validity.
The investigation incorporates systematic analysis of technological influences on workplace wellbeing, examining how digital transformations and technological advancement affect stress levels and coping mechanisms among young retail sector employees. This technological perspective acknowledges rapidly evolving nature of retail operations and additional pressures created by digital integration and automation processes. The methodology includes examination of virtual workplace interactions and remote working dynamics, recognising increasing prevalence of hybrid working models in retail management and administration whilst considering implications for psychological wellbeing and stress management strategies.
The research framework includes detailed consideration of demographic factors, examining how age, experience levels, and career stage influence stress experiences and coping mechanisms within retail environments. This demographic focus enables development of targeted recommendations that address specific needs and challenges of young professionals, whilst acknowledging diversity within this demographic category. The methodology incorporates analysis of career development pathways and professional progression patterns, examining how career aspirations and advancement opportunities influence workplace stress and wellbeing outcomes within retail sector contexts.
The analytical process includes systematic examination of organisational culture and its impact on employee wellbeing, incorporating theoretical frameworks from organisational psychology and management studies. This cultural analysis enables understanding of how workplace norms, leadership styles, and organisational values influence stress levels and coping mechanisms among young retail sector employees. The methodology includes consideration of power dynamics and hierarchical structures, examining how organisational authority patterns affect workplace wellbeing and stress management strategies within contemporary retail environments.
The research framework incorporates analysis of external factors affecting workplace wellbeing, including economic conditions, market pressures, and industry trends that influence organisational stress levels. This broader contextual analysis enables understanding of how macro-level factors contribute to workplace stress and influence effectiveness of various coping strategies. The methodology includes examination of regulatory frameworks and industry standards, considering how external compliance requirements and operational guidelines affect workplace wellbeing dynamics within retail sector organisations.
The investigation includes systematic analysis of social support structures and interpersonal dynamics within retail environments, examining how workplace relationships and team dynamics influence stress levels and coping mechanisms. This social perspective enables understanding of how collegial support, mentorship programmes, and professional networks contribute to workplace wellbeing outcomes. The methodology incorporates examination of communication patterns and information flow within organisations, considering how these factors influence stress management and professional development within retail sector contexts.
The research framework extends to analysis of occupational health and safety considerations, examining intersection between physical workplace conditions and psychological wellbeing. This integrated approach enables understanding of how environmental factors, ergonomic considerations, and workplace design influence stress levels and overall wellbeing among retail sector employees. The methodology incorporates examination of health promotion initiatives and wellness programmes, evaluating effectiveness of various interventions in supporting psychological wellbeing within retail environments.
The analytical framework includes consideration of work-life balance dynamics, examining how boundary management and role integration affect stress levels among young retail sector professionals. This perspective enables understanding of how flexible working arrangements, scheduling practices, and time management strategies influence workplace wellbeing outcomes. The methodology incorporates analysis of personal resource management and energy allocation patterns, considering how individual coping strategies interact with organisational support structures.
The investigation encompasses systematic evaluation of performance management systems and their impact on psychological wellbeing, examining how assessment practices, feedback mechanisms, and reward structures influence stress levels within retail environments. This analytical perspective enables understanding of how organisational performance expectations and career development opportunities affect workplace wellbeing outcomes. The methodology includes consideration of competency development frameworks and skill acquisition patterns, examining how professional growth trajectories influence stress management capabilities.
The research framework concludes with systematic evaluation of implementation strategies for identified best practices, ensuring that theoretical insights translate effectively into practical workplace improvements. This implementation focus includes consideration of change management processes, resource allocation strategies, and monitoring protocols to ensure sustained effectiveness of workplace wellbeing initiatives. The methodology incorporates feedback mechanisms and assessment protocols, enabling continuous evaluation and refinement of implemented strategies based on observed outcomes and stakeholder feedback within retail sector contexts.
Through this comprehensive methodological framework, the research ensures robust analysis of workplace wellbeing dynamics in retail environments, facilitating development of evidence-based recommendations for organisational policy enhancement and human resource management practices. The systematic approach enables identification of both immediate interventions and long-term strategic initiatives to improve workplace wellbeing outcomes for young professionals in the retail sector, whilst maintaining academic rigour and practical applicability throughout the research process.

Conclusion

The discourse on workplace stress, particularly concerning young workers, reveals a complex interplay of psychological, physiological, and organisational factors that warrant careful consideration. The evidence demonstrates that stress manifests not merely as a form of anxiety, but rather as an intricate physiological response to the demands of contemporary work environments and the persistent necessity for adaptation. This understanding proves crucial, as it shifts the paradigm from viewing stress solely as a mental state to recognising it as a holistic phenomenon that affects both psychological and physical well-being.
The particular vulnerability of young workers to stress emerges as a significant theme throughout the analysis. These individuals face the considerable challenge of navigating the integration of their professional and personal spheres, a task made more complex by the unprecedented pressures of social media and the constant flow of information in the digital age. The perpetual self-comparison and heightened expectations fostered by social media platforms create an additional layer of psychological burden. This generation's experience is further complicated by what the text identifies as emotional social cariño, manifesting primarily through concerns about future career prospects and adaptability to change.
The retail service sector presents a particularly pertinent case study in workplace stress dynamics. The inherent paradox of this environment lies in the simultaneous demands for rapid service delivery and high-quality customer interactions, creating a potentially detrimental situation for employee well-being. This contradiction exemplifies the broader challenges faced in contemporary work environments, where competing demands often create untenable situations for workers, particularly those in customer-facing roles.
The examination of organisational responses to stress reveals the critical importance of implementing comprehensive monitoring strategies and support systems. The evidence suggests that effective stress management requires a multi-faceted approach, encompassing both individual-level interventions and systemic organisational changes. The implementation of flexible working arrangements emerges as a particularly promising strategy, offering the potential to better accommodate the needs of younger employees while simultaneously enhancing productivity. This approach acknowledges the dynamic nature of modern work while providing mechanisms for stress mitigation.
The significance of organisational culture in stress management cannot be overstated. The research emphasises the vital role of fostering supportive social environments and maintaining open channels of communication within the workplace. Such measures contribute to employee engagement and create robust support networks for addressing work-related challenges. This collaborative approach to stress management appears to empower employees, providing them with both the resources and the agency to navigate workplace challenges effectively.
The distinction between eustress and negative stress presents a nuanced understanding of workplace pressure that merits further attention. The recognition that certain forms of stress can serve as motivational factors, pushing individuals to exceed their perceived capabilities, while others can lead to performance deterioration, underscores the complexity of stress management in professional settings. This dichotomy highlights the importance of developing sophisticated approaches to stress identification and management that can differentiate between beneficial and detrimental forms of pressure.
The collective responsibility for stress management emerges as a crucial theme, with particular emphasis on the role of management in creating and maintaining healthy work environments. The identification and mitigation of workplace stressors require active engagement from leadership, suggesting that effective stress management cannot be relegated solely to individual coping mechanisms. This understanding points to the need for systemic approaches that address both individual and organisational factors contributing to workplace stress.
The generational dimension of stress experience and management presents an important avenue for future research and practical application. The rapid evolution of work environments and the unique challenges faced by younger generations necessitate tailored approaches to stress reduction. This suggests that organisations must develop nuanced understanding of generational characteristics and preferences to implement effective stress management strategies that resonate with diverse workforce demographics.
The implications of these findings extend beyond immediate workplace concerns to broader considerations of societal well-being and economic productivity. The effectiveness of stress management strategies has far-reaching consequences for both individual health outcomes and organisational success. The research suggests that organisations that successfully implement comprehensive stress management programmes may gain significant advantages in terms of employee retention, productivity, and overall workplace satisfaction.
In conclusion, the analysis of workplace stress, particularly as it affects young workers, reveals the necessity for sophisticated, multi-level approaches to stress management that account for both individual and organisational factors. The evidence suggests that successful stress management requires careful consideration of generational differences, workplace culture, and the distinct nature of different types of stress. Future research and practical applications should focus on developing more nuanced understanding of these factors and implementing targeted interventions that can effectively address the complex nature of workplace stress in contemporary professional environments. The development of such approaches may prove crucial in creating sustainable work environments that promote both individual well-being and organisational success.

References

  1. Gupta, I.; Raman, T.V.; Tripathy, N. Impact of Merger and Acquisition on Financial Performance: Evidence from Construction and Real Estate Industry of India. FIIB Bus. Rev. 2021, 12, 74–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Avkiran, N.K.; Morita, H. Predicting Japanese bank stock performance with a composite relative efficiency metric: A new investment tool. Pacific-Basin Finance J. 2010, 18, 254–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Jin, Z.; Xia, B.; Li, V.; Li, H.; Skitmore, M. Measuring The Effects Of Mergers And Acquisitions On The Economic Performance Of Real Estate Developers. Int. J. Strat. Prop. Manag. 2015, 19, 358–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Huang, C. J. , Ke, W. C., Chiang, R. P. Y., & Jhong, Y. C. (2023). Which of environmental, social, and governance pillars can improve merger and acquisition performance? Journal of Cleaner Production, 398, Article 136475.
  5. Mehrotra, A.; Sahay, A. Systematic Review on Financial Performance of Mergers and Acquisitions in India. Vision: J. Bus. Perspect. 2018, 22, 211–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Li, C. Do network synergies facilitates the realization of M&A motivation?: From the perspective of network node degree and strength change. PLOS ONE 2023, 18, e0284204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Yu, X.; Ma, Q. Equity overvaluation, insider trading activity, and M&A premium: Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance J. 2023, 80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Zhu, B. X. , & Wang, Y. K. ( 11, 20–26.
  9. Li, X. D. , Zhu, H. ( 10, 15–24.
  10. Zhu, T. (2007). Empirical analysis of mergers and acquisitions effect of private listed companies. Securities Market Herald, 11, 37-42.
  11. Zhang, Y. , Qiao, Y. B., & He, X. F. (2015). The empirical study of China's listed companies' M&A performance. Research on Financial and Economic Issues, 1, 60-66.
  12. Yang, H. Y. , & Huang, Z. (2017). The acquiring company realize M&A performance? Review of Investment Studies, 36(3), 74-84.
  13. Chen, L. H. , & Xing, T. C. (2018). Evaluation of listed company's M&A performance and its development. Gansu Social Sciences, 4, 235-241.
  14. Lok, C.-L.; Malaysia, U.S.; Chen, Y.; Phua, L.K.; Chan, M.F. Consequences of Mergers and Acquisitions on Firm Performance: A Sector-Level Study of Public Listed Companies in China. Manag. Account. Rev. (MAR) 2021, 20, 113–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Du, Y.; Lu, Y. (2018). The great opening up and the roadmap for the future: The story of China's international trade. China & World Economy, 26(2), 68-93.
  16. Zhang, W.; Wang, K.; Li, L.; Chen, Y.; Wang, X. The impact of firms' mergers and acquisitions on their performance in emerging economies. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2018, 135, 208–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Yang, P. (2023, April). A-share M&A report in 2022: M&A market vitality reappears, companies with a market value of more than 10 billion yuan become the main buyer. 21st Century Business Herald. https://www.21jingji.com/article/20230403/herald/fed4873c5669dfe1ccc185dbf611e791.
  18. Du, J.; Peng, Y.; Tong, Y.; Bilan, Y. Impact of enterprise ambidexterity capability and experience learning on cross-border M&A performance: evidence from China. Oeconomia Copernic. 2022, 13, 1177–1214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Shi, X.; Song, Y.; Wang, X. Intellectual property rights enforcement and mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from China. Pacific-Basin Finance J. 2023, 79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Sun, J.; Yuan, R.; Cao, F.; Wang, B. Principal–principal agency problems and stock price crash risk: Evidence from the split-share structure reform in China. Corp. Governance: Int. Rev. 2017, 25, 186–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Mehrotra, A.; Sahay, A. Systematic Review on Financial Performance of Mergers and Acquisitions in India. Vision: J. Bus. Perspect. 2018, 22, 211–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Zarnowitz, V. (1999). Theory and history behind business cycles: Are the 1990s the onset of a golden age? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13(2), 69-90.
  23. Navarro, P. , Bromiley, P., & Sottile, P. (2010). Business cycle management and firm performance: Tying the empirical knot. Journal of Strategy and Management, 3(1), 50-71.
  24. Lagesh, M.A.; Srikanth, M.; Acharya, D. Corporate Performance during Business Cycles: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Firms. Glob. Bus. Rev. 2018, 19, 1261–1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Li, Y. P. (2009). Why does the operating performance of the Chinese listed companies deviate from the business cycle? Economic Research Journal, 44(3), 99-109.
  26. Jensen, M.C. Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. Am. Econ. Rev. 1986, 76, 323–329. [Google Scholar]
  27. Roll, R. The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers. J. Bus. 1986, 59, 197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Very, P.; Schweiger, D.M. The acquisition process as a learning process: Evidence from a study of critical problems and solutions in domestic and cross-border deals. J. World Bus. 2001, 36, 11–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Hong, X.; Chen, Q. Research on the Impact of Merges and Acquisition Type on the Performance of Listed Agricultural Enterprises—An Analysis of Mediator Effect Based on R&D Input. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Cook, W.D.; Seiford, L.M. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) – Thirty years on. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2009, 192, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Zhao, Q. W. , Tang, Y. K., & Yang, A. H. (2009). The analysis of the long-term fortune effect of the Chinese listed company's merger and acquisition. Journal of Sichuan University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2, 99-102.
  32. Fu, X. Z. , & Xu, B. (2012). The empirical research of merger and acquisition performance of China's pharmaceutical companies based on the DEA. Journal of Xi'an University of Finance and Economics, 25(4), 27-32.
  33. Dong, X. S. , & Tan, H. F. (2013). Research on M&A performance of Chinese listed steel companies based on DEA. Modern Management Science, 9, 72-74.
  34. Amin, G. R. , & Boamah, M. I. (2020). A new inverse DEA cost efficiency model for estimating potential merger gains: A case of Canadian banks. Annals of Operations Research, 295(1), 21-36.
  35. Oukil, A. Investigating prospective gains from mergers in the agricultural sector through Inverse DEA. IMA J. Manag. Math. 2022, 34, 465–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Oukil, A.; Kennedy, R.E.; Al-Hajri, A.; Soltani, A.A. Unveiling the potential of hotel mergers: A hybrid DEA approach for optimizing sector-wide performance in the hospitality industry. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. 2023, 116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Ansoff, H. I. (1965). Corporate strategy: An analytic approach to business policy for growth and expansion. McGraw-Hill.
  38. Masulis, R.W.; Wang, C.; Xie, F. Corporate Governance and Acquirer Returns. J. Finance 2007, 62, 1851–1889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Nguyen, H.T.; Yung, K.; Sun, Q. Motives for Mergers and Acquisitions: Ex-Post Market Evidence from the US. J. Bus. Finance Account. 2012, 39, 1357–1375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Segal, S.; Guthrie, J.; Dumay, J. Stakeholder and merger and acquisition research: a structured literature review. Account. Finance 2020, 61, 2935–2964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Arrow, K.J. The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing. Rev. Econ. Stud. 1962, 29, 155–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Yan, D. Y. (2009). International experience, cultural distance and business performance of Chinese enterprises in overseas M&As. Economic Review, 1, 83-92.
  43. Wu, X. M. , & Ji, Y. H. (2016). Analysis about the determining factors on the performance of overseas acquisition. Scientific Decision Making, 10, 1-19.
  44. Asthana, A. N. , & Charan, N. (2023). Curricular Infusion in Technology Management Education Programmes. Journal of Data Acquisition and Processing, 38(3), 3522.
  45. Hu, X. F. , & Wu, X. M. (2015). Impacts of merger and acquisition strategy of pharmaceutical enterprises on its profit: An empirical analysis based on the data of listed enterprises. Forum of World Economics & Politics, 2, 147-160.
  46. Zhu, Y. (2022). A study on the influencing factors of M&A performance of listed companies in China's IC industry. Lanzhou Academic Journal, 12, 41-51.
  47. Zhao, Y. , Li, J. B., & Huang, L. J. (2017). A study on the sensitivity of debt level to M&A performance in leveraged M&A: From the perspective of agency cost effect of executive shareholding. Friends of Accounting, 14, 79-87.
  48. Zhang, F. F. , & Liu, S. L. (2015). Cash holdings, M&A decisions and M&A performance. Journal of Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, 37(4), 103-114.
  49. Asthana, A. N. (1995). Demand analysis of RWS in Central India. Loughborough University.
  50. Li, Y. H. , & Li, Z. (2011). Free cash flow agency hypothesis or managerial overconfidence hypothesis: Empirical research on investment cash flow sensitivities of Chinese listed companies. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 25(3), 155-161.
  51. Gao, L. , & Yuan, S. M. (2017). An analysis on the goodwill and its impairment of M&A of the listed companies. Securities Market Herald, 12, 58-64.
  52. Zheng, H. Y. , Liu, Z. Y., & Feng, W. D. (2014). Can merger and acquisition goodwill promote company performance? Empirical evidence from Chinese A-shares listed companies. Accounting Research, 3, 11-17.
  53. Asthana, A. N. (2013). Profitability Prediction in Agribusiness Construction Contracts: A Machine Learning Approach. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 13(10), 1314-1324.
  54. Li, D. M. , Ye, J. F., Lu, S. Q., & Zeng, S. (2018). Management overconfidence, nature of property rights and goodwill from M&A activities. Accounting Research, 10, 50-57.
  55. He, D. J. (2016). Enterprise life cycle, M&A type and M&A performance. Finance and Accounting Monthly, 18, 41-46.
  56. Wu, Z. J. (2017). Empirical study on asset reorganization performance of biological pharmaceutical listed companies. Enterprise Economy, 36(3), 5-13.
  57. Asthana, A. N. (2013). Who Do We Trust for Antitrust? Deconstructing Structural IO. World Applied Sciences Journal, 22 (9), 1367-1372.
  58. Asthana, A. N. (2014). Voluntary Sustainability Standards in Latin American Agribusiness: Convergence and Differentiation. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 1262-1274.
  59. Ni, Z. X. , Hua, J. Y., & Wu, K. W. (2014). An empirical study on performance of Chinese listed companies' cross-border M&As and its influencing factors. Journal of International Trade, 8, 156-166.
  60. Zuo, X. H. , & Li, W. H. (2016). DEA empirical analysis of Chinese enterprises' overseas M&A. On Economic Problems, 10, 77-84.
  61. Asthana, A. N. , & Charan, N. (2023). How fair is Fair Trade in fisheries?. Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 205-213.
  62. Asthana, A. (2003). Water: Perspectives, Issues, concerns. Journal of Development Studies, 39(6), 188-189.
  63. Zhang, Y. , Qiao, Y. B., & He, X. F. (2016). Analysis on the factors affecting the success or failure of major assets merger and acquisition of listed companies. Research on Financial and Economic Issues, 11, 39-44.
  64. Li, X. X. , Yang, G. C., & Rao, P. G. (2019). The regulatory role of stock exchange comment letters: Evidence from textual analysis of merger and acquisition plans. Economic Research Journal, 54(5), 181-198.
  65. Asthana, A. N. , & Charan, N. (2023). Minimising Catastrophic Risk in the Chemical Industry: Role of Mindfulness. European Chemical Bulletin, 12, 7235-7246.
  66. Asthana, A.N. Ahmad, Ehtisham (ed.) (1997). Financing Decentralized Expenditures. An International Comparison of Grants. Kyklos 1999, 52, 103–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  67. Pan, X.; Zhang, J. Language Similarity and M&A Transactions. Eur. Account. Rev. 2022, 33, 741–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Charnes, A.; Cooper, W.W.; Rhodes, E. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 1978, 2, 429–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Asthana, A. What determines access to subsidised food by the rural poor?: Evidence from India. Int. Dev. Plan. Rev. 2009, 31, 263–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Asthana, A.N.; Publishing, N.J. Role of Mindfulness and Emotional Intelligence in Business Ethics Education. J. Bus. Ethic- Educ. 2023, 20, 5–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Banker, R.D.; Charnes, A.; Cooper, W.W. Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis. Manag. Sci. 1984, 30, 1078–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Tsolas, I. DEA performance assessment of Greek listed metallurgical firms. J. Model. Manag. 2014, 9, 58–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Asthana, A. N. (2022). Enhancing social intelligence of public enterprise executives through yogic practices. Public Enterprise, 26, 25-40 Prep.
  74. Asthana, A. N. (2011). Entrepreneurship and Human Rights: Evidence from a natural experiment. African Journal of Business Management, 5(3), 9905-9911.
  75. Díaz, R.F.; Sanchez-Robles, B. Non-Parametric Analysis of Efficiency: An Application to the Pharmaceutical Industry. Mathematics 2020, 8, 1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Rahman, M.; Lambkin, M.; Shams, S.R. Cross-border mergers and acquisitions: Impact on marketing capability and firm performance. J. Gen. Manag. 2021, 46, 129–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Asthana, A.N. The business of water: Fresh perspectives and future challenges. Afr. J. Bus. Manag. 2011, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Asthana, A. N. (2015). Sustainable Fisheries Business in Latin America: Linking in to Global Value Chain. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 7(3), 175-184.
  79. Sharma, A. , Motta, V. E. D., Choi, J. G., & Altman, N. S. (2016). Economic production in hospitality and tourism industry: How do we compare to other services? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(5), 1026-1050.
  80. Park, H. S. , Kim, T. Y., & Kim, D. (2019). Efficiency analysis of zinc refining companies. Bou, V. C. M. P (2023). Reskilling Public Enterprise executives in Eastern Europe. Public Enterprise, 27, 1-25.
  81. Asthana, A.N.; Publishing, N.J. Contribution of Yoga to Business Ethics Education. J. Bus. Ethic- Educ. 2022, 19, 93–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Asthana, A.N. Increasing production efficiency of irrigation systems through stakeholder participation. Water Policy 2022, 24, 1061–1072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Bou, V.C.M.P. Measuring Energy efficiency in public enterprise: The case of Agribusiness. Public Enterp. Half-Yearly J. 2022, 26, 53–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Bou, V.C.M.P. Reskilling Public Enterprise executives in Eastern Europe. Public Enterp. Half-Yearly J. 2023, 27, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Bou, V.C.M.P. Measuring Energy efficiency in public enterprise: The case of Agribusiness. Public Enterp. Half-Yearly J. 2022, 26, 53–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Asthana, A.N. Prosocial behavior of MBA students: The role of yoga and mindfulness. J. Educ. Bus. 2023, 98, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. Asthana, A. N. (2023). Reskilling business executives in transition economies: can yoga help? International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, 15(3), 267-287.
  88. Gonzales, C. Privatisation of water: New perspectives and future challenges. Public Enterp. Half-Yearly J. 2023, 27, 26–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Smith, M.C. Enhancing food security through Public Enterprise. Public Enterp. Half-Yearly J. 2023, 27, 64–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Asthana, A. N. (2023). Wastewater Management through Circular Economy: A Pathway Towards Sustainable Business and Environmental Protection. Advances in Water Science, 34(3), 87-98.
  91. Asthana, A. Decentralisation and supply efficiency: evidence from a natural experiment. Int. Dev. Plan. Rev. 2013, 35, 67–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  92. Asthana, A.N. Decentralisation and corruption: evidence from drinking water sector. Public Adm. Dev. 2008, 28, 181–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Rostiana, E.; Djulius, H.; Sudarjah, G.M. Total Factor Productivity Calculation of The Indonesian Micro and Small Scale Manufacturing Industry. Ekuilibrium : J. Ilm. Bid. Ilmu Èkon. 2022, 17, 54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Rahman, M.; Lambkin, M.; Hussain, D. Value creation and appropriation following M&A: A data envelopment analysis. J. Bus. Res. 2016, 69, 5628–5635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.
Copyright: This open access article is published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, which permit the free download, distribution, and reuse, provided that the author and preprint are cited in any reuse.
Prerpints.org logo

Preprints.org is a free preprint server supported by MDPI in Basel, Switzerland.

facebook logotwitter logolinkedin logo
bsky
MDPI Initiatives
Important Links
Subscribe

Disclaimer

Terms of Use

Privacy Policy

Privacy Settings

© 2026 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated