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Sports Activity with Ankle Osteoarthritis and Total Ankle Arthroplasty

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01 November 2024

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01 November 2024

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Abstract
Background/Objectives: The interest in performing Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) to address end-stage ankle osteoarthritis (OA) is continuously growing. Sports activity plays an important role in our world. There is sparse literature regarding return sports activity following TAA. Levels and types of sports in TAA are rarely reported. The purpose of this prospective case series study is to investigate sports activity in ankle osteoarthritis (OA) and TAA in terms of rate, frequency and type as well as clinical outcomes with a minimum 2 years of follow-up after surgery. Methods: 103 patients (105 implants, 52 female, and 51 male), mean age 60.5 years (range, 23-84 years) with end-stage ankle OA were treated using a three-component, uncemented, mobile-bearing VANTAGE Total Ankle System. The mean follow-up was 2.9 years (range, 2-5 years). Visual Analogic Scale Pain Score (VAS, 0-10 points), Ankle Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion (DF/PF) Range of Motion (ROM; degrees), functional American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle/Hindfoot Score (0-100 points), Subjective Patients' Satisfaction Score (0-10 points), Sports Activity Rate, Sports Frequency Score, and Sports Type were assessed. Results: Mean preoperative VAS Pain Score was 6.7 points (range, 3-10 points) and postoperative 0.2 points (range, 0-3 points) (p < 0.001). The mean DF/PF ROM was 24.9° (range, 0°-60°) pre-operative and was 52.9° post-operative (range, 15°-85°) (p < 0.001). The mean preoperative functional AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Score was 39.5 points (range, 4-57 points) and postoperative 97.8 points (range, 75-100 points) (p < 0.001). Mean postoperative Subjective Patients’ Satisfaction Score was 9.7 points (range, 7-10 points). The preoperative Sports Activity Rate was 31.1%, postoperative 85.4% (p < 0.001). All the groups exhibited substantial Sports Frequency Score increases (p < 0.001). The most practiced sports were hiking, biking, fitness, and swimming. Conclusions: Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) is an effective treatment for end-stage ankle OA. TAA allows a noteworthy increase in sports activity. This research offers important sports insights to patients with ankle OA and TAA.
Keywords: 
ankle
;  
foot
;  
ankle osteoarthritis
;  
total ankle arthroplasty
;  
sports activity
Subject: 
Medicine and Pharmacology  -   Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an increasing issue globally, with about 1% of the world’s population affected by painful end-stage ankle OA [1]. It has been shown to be a limiting condition in both vocation and recreation and affects patients who experience a level of pain and debilitation at least as severe as the ones who suffer from hip OA, congestive heart failure, and end-stage kidney disease [2,3,4].
Trauma is the aetiology of ankle OA in at least 80% of cases, primary OA and other secondary aetiology make up less than 20% [5,6,7]. Whilst ankle fractures are the primary culprit, a significant proportion of patients have chronic instability as the causative factor in their degenerate ankle joint [8,9]. As a consequence, ankle OA patients are relatively young, and their demand for a return to sport is high [10]. Ankle arthrodesis remains the most common operation for end stage ankle OA, however with improved techniques and implants, Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) is becoming more common with each year [11,12,13,14].
The most recent studies including large multi-centre randomized controlled trials show that the TAA is not inferior to ankle arthrodesis in terms of functional outcomes [15,16]. It also possesses better health-related quality of life and gait pattern with equal complication and revision rates [17]. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) endorses the TAA as a viable choice for addressing ankle OA (AOFAS Statement 2022).
However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding TAA and sports. Outcomes, levels, and types of sports have not previously been investigated [18,19,20].
Therefore, this prospective study aims to investigate sports activity in ankle OA and following TAA in terms of: activity amount, sports type and the clinical and radiographic outcomes at a minimum of 2 years follow-up after TAA surgery.

Methods

In this prospective case series study, 103 consecutive patients (52 female and 51 male; 105 implants; 2 bilateral cases) were enrolled at the Center of the senior author. Mean patient age was 60.5 years (range, 23-84 years). All patients received a cementless, three component mobile bearing VANTAGE Total Ankle Arthroplasty (Exactech, Gainesville, FL, USA) for end stage ankle OA with any aetiology. Demographic data are shown in Table 1.
As part of the study, patients were analyzed both pre- and post-operatively (Figure 1). Inclusion criteria were: painful end-stage ankle OA and meeting general TAA criteria such as having good bone quality, normal vascular condition, ligamentous stability and good neuromuscular control. Exclusion criteria were: neuroarthropathy (eg. Charcot ankle), active or recent infection, poorly controlled or complicated diabetes (e.g. peripheral neuropathy or renal disease), large areas of avascular necrosis of the talus, severe benign joint hypermobility syndrome, severe malalignment, substantial soft tissue problems around the ankle, and sensory or motor dysfunction in the foot or leg.
Study questionnaires were administered preoperatively, and then at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, and 5 years postoperative. Patients enrolled in the current cohort had a minimum of 2 years of follow-up post-surgery. The mean follow-up period in this study was 2.9 years, ranging from 2 to 5 years. Pain levels were assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS), where 0 indicated no pain and 10 indicated the most extreme pain imaginable. Patients’ satisfaction was evaluated by the Subjective Patients' Satisfaction Score on a scale ranging from excellent/10 points to none/0 points. Functional range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint in the sagittal plane was measured using a goniometer in degrees for dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF) with the patient standing. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle/Hindfoot Score, subdomains of which consider pain, function, and alignment, was used to assess the overall clinical-functional status, scoring between 0 and 100 points [21].
Each patient's sports activity level was documented before the surgery and at the TAA follow-up using: Sports Activity Rate (amount of sports active patients), Sports Frequency Score: a scale from Level 0 (no sports activity) to Level 4 (Elite sports activity) [18]. Further, all reported sports types were recorded.
Standard weight-bearing radiographs were taken preoperatively and during follow-up in four planes: anteroposterior (AP) ankle, lateral and AP foot, Hindfoot Alignment view, as demonstrated in Figure 1. Radiolucency was evaluated and defined as a gap narrower than 2 mm between the TAA implant and the bone, which was not visible on the initial radiographs taken within the first 6 weeks after the surgery [22]. Osteolysis was defined as a clearly marked, non-linear lytic lesion with a width of 2 mm or more [22]. The potential presence of periarticular ossifications (PAO) was assessed and graded according previously published heterotopic ossification after TAA on a scale of 0 to 4 [23].
Ethics approval was sought and granted from the Institutional Review Board (IRB), all participants gave informed consent and the study followed the guidelines outlined in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Data was analyzed using a paired Student t-test, with a significance level set at p < 0.05 and the Chi-squared test.

Surgical Technique

The VANTAGE Total Ankle Arthroplasty Mobile Bearing is implanted according to the technique previously described by Valderrabano et al.[24]. The patient is positioned supine with a bump under the ipsilateral buttock to prevent external rotation of the limb, with a thigh tourniquet set at 250 mmHg. An anterior midline skin incision is performed, caution is essential beneath the skin to prevent any harm to the superficial peroneal nerve or its branches. The extensor reticulum is incised, and the interval between the tibialis anterior (TA) and the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) is developed, taking care not to injure the neurovascular bundle that lies under the EHL, the neurovascular bundle is taken laterally and protected throughout the procedure. The ventral ankle capsule is opened, and the anterior osteophytes are removed with a chisel.
A pin is inserted perpendicular to the tibial axis percutaneously into the tibial tubercule. The tibial alignment guide is then positioned and secured in the appropriate alignment in terms of rotation, varus/valgus, slope, and resection height, this is verified through fluoroscopy. The tibial cut is then made though the secured tibial cutting guide. To safeguard the medial and lateral malleoli during the tibial cut, it is possible to insert a pin at either end of the tibial cutting guide.
The cut tibial bone is then removed and the talar cutting guide is positioned. The block is extended distally as much as possible to create physiological tension in the ligaments and then fixed with 2 pins. The talar dome cut is performed and the cut bone is removed. The appropriate-sized talar cutting block is then positioned, and the anterior and posterior talar surfaces are prepared. The cutting block and the bone pieces are removed. A curved rasp is employed to smooth the talar bone into a rounded, curved shape, resulting in a dome-like surface. The talar trial position is checked under fluoroscopy, and the talar peg holes are drilled.
The AP sizing tool measures the tibia, guiding the choice of the tibial punch guide size. A lateral fluoroscopic view confirms posterior tibia coverage and the cage and the three peg holes are prepared.
The definitive components are then implanted. Trial inlays help to assess the correct polyethylene thickness to provide a good range of motion and physiological ligament strain. Now, the definitive polyethylene component is implanted. A drain is positioned in the joint. The layers are sutured closed. A sterile dressing is applied (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. Sports Active Patient with Total Ankle Arthroplasty VANTAGE Total Ankle Arthroplasty Mobile Bearing. A 59-year-old patient suffered from post-traumatic ligamentous end-stage varus ankle osteoarthritis (OA) with chronic lateral ligament ankle instability and Peroneus brevis tendon lesion (A, B, C, pre-op). The preoperative MR images show the medial predominantly ankle OA (D, E, pre-op). The surgery consisted on: TAA implantation, deltoid release, lateral ankle ligament reconstruction, and peroneus longus (PL)-to-brevis (PB) tendon transfer. After TAA surgery at recent 3 years follow-up he reached an AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Score of 100, VAS Pain Score 0, Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion 25-0-40, Inversion/Eversion 30-0-10, (F, G, H), could return to a sports level of > 5h/week: hiking over 10km, skiing; and a Subjective Patients' Satisfaction Score 10 points/very satisfied. He describes a sense of the “forgotten joint” level. The radiological examination shows at 3 years follow-up a well osteointegrated TAA with no signs of lucency or loosening.
Figure 1. Sports Active Patient with Total Ankle Arthroplasty VANTAGE Total Ankle Arthroplasty Mobile Bearing. A 59-year-old patient suffered from post-traumatic ligamentous end-stage varus ankle osteoarthritis (OA) with chronic lateral ligament ankle instability and Peroneus brevis tendon lesion (A, B, C, pre-op). The preoperative MR images show the medial predominantly ankle OA (D, E, pre-op). The surgery consisted on: TAA implantation, deltoid release, lateral ankle ligament reconstruction, and peroneus longus (PL)-to-brevis (PB) tendon transfer. After TAA surgery at recent 3 years follow-up he reached an AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Score of 100, VAS Pain Score 0, Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion 25-0-40, Inversion/Eversion 30-0-10, (F, G, H), could return to a sports level of > 5h/week: hiking over 10km, skiing; and a Subjective Patients' Satisfaction Score 10 points/very satisfied. He describes a sense of the “forgotten joint” level. The radiological examination shows at 3 years follow-up a well osteointegrated TAA with no signs of lucency or loosening.
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Postoperative Care

After surgery, in the first days the ankle/leg is elevated for the majority of the day. Physiotherapy promotes lymphatic drainage, and Achilles tendon stretching. The patient is encouraged to do “skiing exercises” at the bedside to stretch the gastrocnemius-soleus muscles, which has an added benefit of improving TAA press fit. Patients were asked to perform these ankle dorsiflexion exercises three to four times a day for 5 minutes. The patients use a walker and crutches to walk long distances or outside. Short distances at home (e.g. in the bathroom or room), the patients are allowed to walk barefoot under full-weight bearing. Complete weight-bearing is permitted right away for isolated ankle arthroplasty. Partial weight-bearing 15 kg for 6 weeks is instructed for cases where additional procedures are performed, such as additional hindfoot osteotomies or ligament reconstruction.

Results

Aetiology of ankle OA was as follows: 75 cases (77.4%) had posttraumatic OA, 14 cases (13.3%) had secondary OA, and 16 cases (15.2%) had primary OA.
At a mean of 2.9 years follow-up VAS Pain Score improved from mean 6.7 (range 3-10) preoperatively to 0.2 (range 0-3) post-operatively (p<0.001). Subjective Patients' Satisfaction Score with TAA indicated at follow-up a mean value of 9.7 points (range, 7-10). Mean DF/PF ROM increased from 24.9° (range 0-60°) preoperatively to 52.9° (range 15-85°) postoperatively, p<0.001). The mean preoperative AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Score was 39.5 points (range, 4-57 points), this improved to 97.8 points (range, 75-100 points) at follow-up (p < 0.001). Table 2 displays the results stratified by group and in total.
Prior to TAA, 32 patients (31.1%) were sports active, this increased to 88 patients post-TAA (85.4%), representing an increase of 54.3% (p < 0.001). All the groups exhibited significant Sports Activity Rate increases (p < 0.001). The distribution of the Sports Frequency Score differed significantly for TAA compared to the preoperative arthritic condition (Table 3; p < 0.001). After TAA, there was a noteworthy increase in cases classified as Level 1 to 3 of the Sports Frequency Score (p < 0.001), with 6 of the patients achieving their grade 4/elite activity level again (an increase from only 2 patients before). Sporting outcomes are shown in Table 3, stratified by group and in total, a graphical representation of the weekly sports engagement post TAA is shown in figure 2.
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Figure 2. Sports Frequency Sports in Ankle Osteoarthritis and Total Ankle Arthroplasty.
Figure 2. Sports Frequency Sports in Ankle Osteoarthritis and Total Ankle Arthroplasty.
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All patients actively involved in sports before surgery maintained or increased their sports activity post-TAA except one. Among patients not engaged in sports before surgery, 73.4% (n = 52) engaged in sporting activity after TAA surgery (p < 0.001), the patients fell mainly into Level 1 to 3 on the sports frequency score. The most common sporting activity preoperatively were: cycling (29.6%), swimming (17.7%), fitness (15.5%), and walking (11.4%). Postoperatively the most common sports were: hiking (43%), cycling (15%), fitness (11.7%) and swimming (8%) (Table 4).
In the present study there were no revisions of the tibiotalar components, no explantations, and no infections occurred. In one case (0.9%), residual medial ankle instability after 2 years necessitated medial deltoid ligament reconstruction, thicker polyethylene inlay, and medial periarticular ossification (PAO) resection. In one case (0.9%) of a professional mountain-guide (posttraumatic ankle OA, smoker) a stress fracture of the medial malleolus was addressed by bone grafting and plate open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF).
Radiological changes were identified in seven cases (6.6%), none of these patients were symptomatic. Non-progressive radiolucency was identified in three cases (2.8%) around the tibia component, with no radiolucencies observed adjacent to the talar component. All three cases were posttraumatic ankle OA cases. Further, four cases had isolated tibial cysts (3.8%) at the tibial bone implant interface: two cases with a tibia cyst of 5mm antero-lateral (The first in a professional mountain-guide, posttraumatic ankle OA, smoker, medial malleolus stress fracture ORIF, the latter in a posttraumatic ankle OA); a case with a tibia cyst of 5mm anterocentral (posttraumatic ankle OA); a case with tibia cyst 7mm anterocentral (secondary ankle OA after triple arthrodesis) .No cysts were seen at the talar bone-implant interface.
Furthermore, we identified radiologically PAO in a total of 16 cases (15.2%). The mean PAO score was 1.6 (range 1-2).

Discussion

This research demonstrates that patients who underwent Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) demonstrated improved outcomes in terms of the VAS Pain Score, overall subjective satisfaction, the sagittal ROM, the AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Score, as well as their engagement in sports activities at an average follow-up duration of 2.9 years. Significant increases in the Sports Activity Rate (number of sports active patients) and Sports Frequency Score has been found. This is the first paper in the literature reporting sports activity with the three-component mobile-bearing VANTAGE TAA.
Unsurprisingly, 68.3% of the patients did not participate in any sports activities before their surgery. Of these ankle osteoarthritis patients, the remaining 31.7% participated in sports activities, primarily falling into moderate sports level grade 2 (1-5h/week), as indicated in Table 3. These patients typically opted for low-impact sports like biking and swimming, as listed in Table 4.
The VANTAGE TAA Mobile Bearing System shows promising results in terms of pain improvement (VAS), function (AOFAS), ROM, and revision rate, compared to other prostheses in the ankle arthroplasty literature. Cho et al. in 2021 conducted a prospective comparative study reporting the 3-year clinical outcomes of the mobile-bearing prosthesis Zenith (Corin, Cirencester, UK) implanted in 64 patients affected by end-stage ankle OA (45 post-traumatic cases and 19 rheumatoid cases). They identified no significant differences in outcome based on the etiology, which is consistent with our cohort. A general improvement in both groups’ average AOFAS scores has been recorded (39.4 ± 10.2 was the mean pre-operative value, and 82.8 ± 14 was the mean post-operative one). The average Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) increased from a pre-operative value of 35.1 ± 11.2 to 72.7 ± 16.2 post-operatively. The ROM (dorsi-plantarflexion) improved from a preop mean of 38.5° to a mean of 41.2° post-operatively. Their radiological assessment identified late postoperative complications in 28 patients. These complications included implant loosening, osteolysis, polyethylene (PE) insert subluxation, heterotopic ossification, impingement from soft tissue or bone spurs, and OA development in the nearby joints. 4 patients (8.9%) from the OA group and 2 patients (10.5%) from the RA group required revision surgery, involving the replacement of one or more components. Among the six revision surgeries performed, three involved the revision of the talar component and bone graft, while the other three cases involved the exchange of the PE insert and bone graft [25].
Van Haecke and colleagues examined 94 Hintegra prostheses with an average follow-up period of 81 months, (range, 19-124 months). The survival rate without the need for revision surgery was 76%, and the rate without explantation was 92%, with 10 cases requiring curettage and 5 undergoing explantation. The average AOFAS score improved from 41.8 (range, 21-69) to 77.5 (range, 24-100). 75% of the patients experienced either no pain or only mild pain. The average ROM value was 23.5° (range, 5°- 48°). 54.6% of cases exhibited posterior tibial calcification during the follow-up period. The risk of developing severe cysts (>1 cm) on computed tomography (CT) scans was 36% at a mean follow-up duration of 77 months (range, 18-123) [26].
The relationship between sport and TAA has been previously investigated in the literature. Recently, Usuelli et al. found a significant increase in sports activity at 12-month follow-up after implantation of Hintegra total ankle prosthesis in 76 patients: prior to the surgical procedure, 11.7% of the patients (n=9) participated in sports, and following the surgery, this percentage increased to 49.4% (n=38). Jogging, dancing, biking, and skiing were the patients' most pursued sports activities. However, a small number of them (14 patients in total) engaged in high-impact sports, including jogging (13 patients) and martial arts (1 patient), even though they had medical recommendation to avoid these activities [20].
In 2009, Naal and colleagues conducted a study examining the sports and recreational activity participation of 101 patients before and after receiving a 3-component uncemented "Mobility" prosthesis, with an average follow-up period of 3.7 years. Prior to the surgery, 62.4% of the patients were engaged in sports, and after the operation, 66.3% remained active (P = .56), indicating no significant change. Post-TAA activities included swimming, cycling, and engaging in fitness or weight training. 65% of the cohort reported that the surgery had enhanced their sports capabilities [27].
Valderrabano et al. found a significant increase in sports engagement in a consecutive series of 147 cases (152 ankles) who received a Hintegra implant: prior to the surgical procedure, 36% of the patients participated in sports, and following the surgery, this proportion increased to 56%. The top three most common sports activities included hiking, cycling, and swimming [18].
In the current investigation, the percentage of individuals engaging in sports following TAA was 87.1% and hiking was the most frequently reported sports activity post-TAA. Based on published literature, low-impact activities have been recommended to our cohort of patients. [18] Nevertheless, several patients in our cohort were practicing running, basketball, skiing, paragliding, dancing, or even multiple sports, and no relationship has been observed between radiological changes, revision surgery and engagement in sports activities (Table 4). We share the viewpoint that impact sports could positively impact the connection between bone and implant, possibly promoting bone ingrowth as long as the applied forces remain below a certain threshold, which is yet to be determined. Moreover, sports activities might contribute to mitigating muscle loss, which is common in ankle arthritis and could enhance the strength of the leg muscles [28]. Consequently, this could decrease the occurrence of excessive joint reaction forces during movement [18].
The improved success achieved with joint arthroplasty, particularly in the case of knee and hip joints and concerns regarding the long-term outcomes following ankle arthrodesis, have lead to a renewed interest in TAA [29,30,31]. Current generation TAA systems have achieved the goal of replicating normal ankle function, maintaining normal joint biomechanics, ensuring physiological ligament stability and proper mechanical alignment [32]. Similar to Total Hip Replacement (THR) and Total Knee Replacement (TKR), the positive outcomes and increased long-term viability have encouraged patients and surgeons to consider TAA as an effective treatment for end-stage ankle OA, ultimately helping them regain better functionality and even engage in sports [18].
Engagement in sports ranges from 29% to 56% following THR and between 34% and 77% after TKR [33,34]. In a 2023 systematic review, the average rate of sports activity after TAA was found to be 61.9% (ranging from 49.4% to 76%), which is consistent with the rates seen in other joint arthroplasty procedures [35].
The rate at which our patient cohort participated in sports was higher. This may be due to the chosen implant. An ankle prosthesis meant for sport needs specific features: high rotational and shear force resistance, stability through gait, the ability to convert shear forces to compressive forces and high polyethylene resistance to stress forces and to dislocation at extreme range of motion. The mobile-bearing VANTAGE TAA is the current fifth generation of ankle prosthesis, which has been developed with a particular focus on activity. The design of the tibial component is intended to match with the natural cortical anatomy of the distal tibia, it is anatomically contoured to prevent interference with the fibula and minimize the risk of tibial component impingement, a common source of post-TAA pain [36]. The design also prevents any compromise to the anterior tibial cortex, safeguarding bone integrity and avoiding the entry of wear particles into the bone-implant interface. The fixation of the tibial component involves a titanium-plasma-coated surface, a centrally placed press-fit cage, and three vertical pegs. This configuration ensures stability, and axial compression and prevents rotation at the bone-implant interface, thereby mitigating the risk of loosening. The talar component is anatomically shaped, featuring a conical form and a bicondylar articulating surface. This was designed to mimic the native biomechanics of the ankle joint during walking. The bone-implant interface employs an arc-shaped titanium-plasma–coated contact area, preserving bone and acknowledging the altered talar shape [37]. This curved design allows compressive forces to remain perpendicular to the bone surface throughout the ROM, offering stability and thereby reducing stress-shielding [38]. The talar component is further secured with two pegs for rotational and mediolateral stability, while a small anterior flange prevents potential loosening or migration. The molded polyethylene insert's bicondylar articular surface guarantees the absence of machined fibrils at the interface and maintains fracture toughness. The fit between the polyethylene liner and talus helps distribute stress across the surface, reducing peak forces and minimizing the risk of polyethylene wear [39].
The question of whether mobile-bearing total ankle arthroplasty (MB-TAA) or fixed-bearing total ankle arthroplasty (FB-TAA) is better remains a subject of ongoing discussion. Long-term success has been observed in the case of MB-TAA, while newer generation FB-TAA has demonstrated favorable outcomes during medium-term follow-up, but long term (>10 year) results are so far not available [15,40].
Nunley et al. compared patient satisfaction, functional outcomes, and X-ray findings when using the mobile-bearing STAR and the fixed-bearing Salto-Talaris implants. Data gathering encompassed VAS Pain Score, Short Form 36 questionnaire, Foot and Ankle Disability Index, Short Musculoskeletal Functional Assessment, and AOFAS-hindfoot score. Even though no specific sports analysis has been made, their findings indicated that patient-reported and clinical outcomes were positive for both implant designs, and there was no notable disparity in clinical improvement between the 2 types of implants. The occurrence of lucency/cyst formation in the tibial component was comparable. However, the MB-TAA exhibited more extensive lucency/cyst formation in the talus and experienced greater subsidence in both the tibial and talar components [41].
In a direct comparison to the prosthesis used in our study, Henry JK et al. recently investigated the outcome of the fixed-bearing Vantage. After a follow-up period averaging 2.81 years, implant failure has been registered in 10 cases (5.8%). Among these, 6 exhibited loosening of the tibial component. Of the other 4, 1 was attributed to periprosthetic joint infection, 1 to loosening of the talar component, and 2 to loosening of both the tibial and talar components. Asymptomatic peri-implant lucency/subsidence was observed in 20.1% of ankles, with the majority involving the tibial component, specifically 25 cases. Comparing these results to our data, MB-Vantage shows superior outcomes regarding complications and implant failures, compared to its fixed bearing counterpart [40].
This study is limited in that the follow-up period is only medium-term. To arrive at meaningful conclusions regarding the impact of varying levels of sport engagement and different types of sports on TAA, it is essential to assess this cohort over a longer period, which our group intends to do. Additionally, the sports activity score only reflects the frequency of sports participation and does not account for varying physical demands associated with different activities. To address potential confounding factors related to psychology and social influences on sports activity, it would have been beneficial to include SF-36 scores in this study.

Conclusion

This research offers important sports insights to patients with ankle OA and TAA. These findings are also valuable to orthopedic surgeons when advising ankle OA and TAA patients regarding sports activities. TAA treatment significantly improved the overall rate of sports participation, enhancing the quality of life for these patients. Patients who are engaging in high-impact activities show no correlation with revision rate or radiological changes at the recent follow-up time. Nonetheless, more studies are still needed to provide surgeons with more robust evidence to base their recommendations to guide safe sports activities for their TAA patients.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Simone Santini, Mario Herrera-Pérez and Victor Valderrabano; Data curation, Simone Santini; Formal analysis, Alejandro Herrera-Rodríguez; Funding acquisition, Victor Valderrabano; Investigation, Adrian Talia; Methodology, Victor Valderrabano; Project administration, Victor Valderrabano; Resources, Andrea Marinozzi; Validation, Andrea Marinozzi, Adrian Talia, Mario Herrera-Pérez and Victor Valderrabano; Visualization, Alejandro Herrera-Rodríguez; Writing – original draft, Simone Santini; Writing – review & editing, Simone Santini All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee Northwest and Central Switzerland (EKNZ) (Project-ID: 2019-01995).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available for ethical and privacy reasons.

Conflicts of Interest

The senior author is co-inventor of the implanted VANTAGE Mobile Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Other authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding Statement

This research was supported by the manufacturer of the VANTAGE Mobile Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Exactech, Gainesville, FL, USA.

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Table 1. Demographic Data. TAA: Total Ankle Arthroplasty.
Table 1. Demographic Data. TAA: Total Ankle Arthroplasty.
Total Patients
Total TAA Cases
Women
Men		 n=103
n=105
n=52 (50.5%)
n=51 (49.5%)
Age, mean (range) 60.5 years (23-84 years)
Follow-up, mean (range) 2.9 years (2-5 years)
Table 2. Clinical Outcomes. AOFAS: American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society; AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Score; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale. P value indicates significance level from student’s t-test.
Table 2. Clinical Outcomes. AOFAS: American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society; AOFAS Ankle/Hindfoot Score; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale. P value indicates significance level from student’s t-test.
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Table 3. Sports Activity Rate and Sports Frequency Score in Ankle Osteoarthritis and Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Sports Activity Rate: amount of sports active patients; Sports Frequency Score: level 0/none to level 4/elite. 32 Posttraumatic: Posttraumatic Ankle Osteoarthritis; Secondary: Secondary Ankle Osteoarthritis; Primary: Primary Ankle Osteoarthritis. P value indicates significance level from Chi-squared test.
Table 3. Sports Activity Rate and Sports Frequency Score in Ankle Osteoarthritis and Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Sports Activity Rate: amount of sports active patients; Sports Frequency Score: level 0/none to level 4/elite. 32 Posttraumatic: Posttraumatic Ankle Osteoarthritis; Secondary: Secondary Ankle Osteoarthritis; Primary: Primary Ankle Osteoarthritis. P value indicates significance level from Chi-squared test.
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Table 4. Sports Type in Ankle Osteoarthritis and Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Sports Type data aligned in decreased % listing sports activity.
Table 4. Sports Type in Ankle Osteoarthritis and Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Sports Type data aligned in decreased % listing sports activity.
List of Reported Sports Activities
Postoperative /
Total Ankle Arthroplasty		 Preoperative/
Ankle Osteoarthritis
Type of Sport Activities Patients (%) Patients (%)
Hiking 66 (43) 1 (2.2)
Cycling 23 (15) 13 (29.5)
Fitness 18 (11.7) 7 (15.5)
Swimming 8 (5.2) 8 (17.7)
Walking 8 (5.2) 5 (11.4)
Skiing 6 (3.9) 1 (2.2)
Running 5 (3.3) 2 (4.4)
Dancing 3 (2) 1 (2.2)
Horseback Riding 3 (2) 2 (4.4)
Golf 2 (1.3) 1 (2.2)
Alpinism 2 (1.3) 0
Basketball 2 (1.3) 0
Hunting 2 (1.3) 1 (2.2)
Tennis 2 (1.3) 0
Powerlifting 1 (0.7) 1 (2.2)
Jump Rope 1 (0.7) 1 (2.2)
Paragliding 1 (0.7) 0
Martial Art 1 (0.7) 0
Climbing 0 1 (2.2)
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