Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Untreated Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Opportunity for Establishment of Wastewater Surveillance System for the Community

Ngonda Saasa; Ethel M’kandawire; Joseph Ndebe; Mulenga Mwenda; Fred Chimpukutu; Andrew Nalishuwa Mukubesa; Fred Njobvu; Doreen Mainza Shempela; Jay Sikalima; Carol Chiyesu; Bruce Muvwanga; Sarah M. Nampokolwe; Clement Sulwe; Thokozile Khondiwa; Todd Jennings; Ameck Kamanga; Edgar Simulundu; Conceptor Mulube; Wizaso Mwasinga; Jelaimo Mumeka; John Simwanza; Patrick Sakubita; Otridah Kapona; Chilufya Susan Aneta Mulenga; Musole Chipoya; Kunda Musonda; Nathan Kapata; Nyambe Sinyange; Muzala Kapina; Joyce Siwila; Misheck Shawa; Masahiro Kajihara; Ayato Takada; Hirofumi Sawa; Simulyamana A. Choonga; Roma Chilengi; Earnest Muyunda; King S. Nalubamba; Bernard M. Hang’ombe

doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1093.v1

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Saasa, N.; M’kandawire, E.; Ndebe, J.; Mwenda, M.; Chimpukutu, F.; Mukubesa, A.N.; Njobvu, F.; Shempela, D.M.; Sikalima, J.; Chiyesu, C.; Muvwanga, B.; Nampokolwe, S.M.; Sulwe, C.; Khondiwa, T.; Jennings, T.; Kamanga, A.; Simulundu, E.; Mulube, C.; Mwasinga, W.; Mumeka, J.; Simwanza, J.; Sakubita, P.; Kapona, O.; Mulenga, C.S.A.; Chipoya, M.; Musonda, K.; Kapata, N.; Sinyange, N.; Kapina, M.; Siwila, J.; Shawa, M.; Kajihara, M.; Takada, A.; Sawa, H.; Choonga, S.A.; Chilengi, R.; Muyunda, E.; Nalubamba, K.S.; Hang’ombe, B.M. Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Demonstrating the Utility of Environmental Surveillance for the Community. Pathogens 2024, 13, 486. Saasa, N.; M’kandawire, E.; Ndebe, J.; Mwenda, M.; Chimpukutu, F.; Mukubesa, A.N.; Njobvu, F.; Shempela, D.M.; Sikalima, J.; Chiyesu, C.; Muvwanga, B.; Nampokolwe, S.M.; Sulwe, C.; Khondiwa, T.; Jennings, T.; Kamanga, A.; Simulundu, E.; Mulube, C.; Mwasinga, W.; Mumeka, J.; Simwanza, J.; Sakubita, P.; Kapona, O.; Mulenga, C.S.A.; Chipoya, M.; Musonda, K.; Kapata, N.; Sinyange, N.; Kapina, M.; Siwila, J.; Shawa, M.; Kajihara, M.; Takada, A.; Sawa, H.; Choonga, S.A.; Chilengi, R.; Muyunda, E.; Nalubamba, K.S.; Hang’ombe, B.M. Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Demonstrating the Utility of Environmental Surveillance for the Community. Pathogens 2024, 13, 486.

Abstract

Enteric infections are a major public health concern. Detecting risk areas requires a strong surveillance system for pathogenic viruses in possible sources such as wastewater. To build an environmental surveillance system, we aimed to identify group A rotavirus (RVA) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in wastewater. We also focused on three different methods of viral concentration to determine suitability for a regular surveillance system. We screened 20 wastewater samples for HAdV and RVA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR). Sixteen posi-tives (18/20) and ten (14/20) positives for HAdV and RVA, respectively, were obtained on qPCR, representing a prevalence of 90% and 70%. Twelve (12) positives were successfully amplified. Bag-mediated filtration system (BMFS) and skimmed milk (SM) flocculation were the most consistent viral concentration methods for HAdV and RVA, respectively. Human adenovirus was identified with nucleotide identity range of 98.48% to 99.53%. Statistical analysis of positives showed that viral burden differed by site (P

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Detection of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus in Untreated Wastewater in Lusaka, Zambia: Opportunity for Establishment of Wastewater Surveillance System for the Community

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