Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Calcium Intake and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Postmenopausal Women

Jae Kyung Lee
ORCID logo ,
Thi Minh Chau Tran
,
Euna Choi
,
Jinkyung Baek
,
Hae-Rim Kim
,
Hee Yon Kim
,
Bo Hyon Yun
ORCID logo ,
Seok Kyo Seo
* ORCID logo
Version 1 : Received: 18 March 2024 / Approved: 19 March 2024 / Online: 19 March 2024 (08:06:29 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Lee, J.K.; Tran, T.M.C.; Choi, E.; Baek, J.; Kim, H.-R.; Kim, H.; Yun, B.H.; Seo, S.K. Association between Daily Dietary Calcium Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Postmenopausal Korean Women. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1043. Lee, J.K.; Tran, T.M.C.; Choi, E.; Baek, J.; Kim, H.-R.; Kim, H.; Yun, B.H.; Seo, S.K. Association between Daily Dietary Calcium Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Postmenopausal Korean Women. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1043.

Abstract

We aimed to evaluate the association between daily dietary calcium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). This cross-sectional study included 12,348 women aged 45–70 years who had reached natural menopause. They were classified into three groups according to daily dietary calcium intake: < 400 mg, 400–800 mg, and >800 mg. The risks of CVD, stroke, angina, and myocardial infarction were assessed in each group. Further, we performed subgroup analysis according to the post-menopause duration (≤10 vs. >10 postmenopausal years). We performed logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, menopausal age, income, urban area, education, insulin use, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, oral contraceptive use, and hormonal therapy use. Calcium intake level was not significantly associated with the risk of CVD in the total population and the ≤10 postmenopausal years subgroup. However, in the >10 postmenopausal years subgroup, daily calcium intake >800 mg was associated with significantly decreased risks of all CVD (odds ratio [OR], 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11–0.64), stroke (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01–0.42), and myocardial infarction (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11–0.64). Our findings suggest that a dietary calcium intake of >800 mg/day decreases the risk of CVD events in women who have been menopausal for >10 years.

Keywords

Menopause; Cardiovascular diseases; Dietary calcium intake; Cross-sectional study; Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Dietetics and Nutrition

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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