Mustafin, M.; Moussa, H. Accurate Height Determination in Uneven Terrains with Integration of Global Navigation Satellite System Technology and Geometric Levelling: A Case Study in Lebanon. Computation2024, 12, 58.
Mustafin, M.; Moussa, H. Accurate Height Determination in Uneven Terrains with Integration of Global Navigation Satellite System Technology and Geometric Levelling: A Case Study in Lebanon. Computation 2024, 12, 58.
Mustafin, M.; Moussa, H. Accurate Height Determination in Uneven Terrains with Integration of Global Navigation Satellite System Technology and Geometric Levelling: A Case Study in Lebanon. Computation2024, 12, 58.
Mustafin, M.; Moussa, H. Accurate Height Determination in Uneven Terrains with Integration of Global Navigation Satellite System Technology and Geometric Levelling: A Case Study in Lebanon. Computation 2024, 12, 58.
Abstract
The technology for determining the point’s coordinates on the earth’s surface using the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is becoming the norm along with ground-based methods. In this case, determining coordinates does not cause any particular difficulties. However, to identify normal heights using this technology with a given accuracy, special research is required. The fact is that satellite determinations of geodetic heights (h) over an ellipsoid surface differ from ground-based measurements of normal height (HN) over a quasi-geoid surface by a certain value called quasi-geoid height or height anomaly (ζ). In relation to determining heights of a certain territory, the concept of geoid height (N) is usually operated when dealing with a geoid model. In this work, geodetic and normal heights are determined for 5 control points in three different regions in Lebanon, where measurements are carried out using GNSS technology and geometric levelling. The obtained quasi-geoid heights are compared with geoid heights derived from the global Earth model EGM2008. The results obtained showed that, in the absence of gravimetric data, the combination of global Earth model data, geometric levelling for selected areas and satellite determinations allows the creation of a high accurate altitude network for mountainous areas.
Keywords
EGM2008; GNSS; levelling; quasi-geoid height
Subject
Engineering, Civil Engineering
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
