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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
29 December 2023
Posted:
03 January 2024
You are already at the latest version
Eco-product classification | Cases | Specific measures | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Government-led path | Pure public ecological products | Comprehensive ecological protection | Fiscal transfer payment system in Brazil | The government transfers payments to local municipalities according to their ecological governance needs. | Transfer payment |
Amazonas regional reserve plan in Brazil | The government, in partnership with ngos, transfers funds to nature reserves in stages. | ||||
Soil and water conservation | National forest fund project in Costa Rica | The Government/State agency provides ecological compensation to landowners who protect forest resources/participate in reforestation operations. | Ecological compensation | ||
Cropland potation conservation program in U.S. | |||||
Natural forest protection project in China | The government buys "soil and water conservation" and other ecological service products from the market. | ||||
Water conservation | Xin 'an River interprovincial basin ecological compensation project in China | The government allocates the amount of ecological compensation between the upper and lower provinces. | |||
Water supply project in Camboriú, Brazil | The government hired the local poor to rid themselves of invasive species to improve water supplies. | ||||
Water supply project in Catskill, New York, U.S. | The government collects ecological taxes and fees from downstream residents for the ecological construction of upstream water resources. | Ecological taxes | |||
Implementation plan of ecological value project in Ezhou, Hubei, China | The government has established an audit system for outgoing leading officials' natural resource assets and environmental responsibilities. | Performance evaluation | |||
The "Water Beauty Economy" mechanism in Nanping Fujian, China | The government has established a watershed water environment assessment mechanism. | ||||
Species diversity | Changbai mountain national nature reserve in China | The government has listed ecologically sensitive areas and drinking water sources as the red line for ecological protection. | The establishment of nature reserves | ||
Government-market coordination path | Quasi public ecological products | Water resources development right | Water Fund Project in El Guado Quito | The government and water users pay into the trust fund for water maintenance services. | The trading mode of ecological resources rights and interests |
Wetland development right | Wetlands Mitigation Bank mechanism in U.S. | Developers purchase wetlands from banks to offset and compensate for the occupation and destruction they cause. | |||
Pollutant discharge right | Federal water pollution control mechanism in U.S. | The government enacted the “Clean Water Act” to increase the cost of wastewater treatment for businesses. | |||
Land right | Community land trust fund in U.S. | The government or landowner donates or entrusts title to land to a trust to acquire property. | |||
Property rights mortgage financing model in Fuzhou, Jiangxi, China | Farmers use the management rights of contracted rural land and housing property rights as collateral for bank loans. | ||||
Forest right/ Carbon emissions right |
International carbon sink trading market | Developed countries invest in afforestation in developing countries to offset total carbon emissions. | Ecological resource index trading model | ||
Carbon emission quota mechanism in California, U.S. | Companies buy and sell carbon credits through auctions or carbon markets. | ||||
Public welfare forest carbon inclusive project in Huadu, Guangzhou, China | Enterprises offset carbon emissions by purchasing carbon emission right quotas or voluntary emission reduction certification. | ||||
Forest coverage index trading in Chongqing, China | Districts and counties that do not meet the forest coverage index can buy indicators in other districts and counties. | ||||
Market-led path | Operational public goods | Ecological agriculture | Ecological farming mechanism in Denmark | Farmers solve pig pollution by means of technological innovation and ecological recycling. | Industrial ecological management model |
Farm-institution program in U.S. | Farms and social institutions build green industrial chains to produce high-quality fresh products. | ||||
Rice-fishery integrated breeding system in China | Farmers use rice-fish symbiosis to build a circular ecological agriculture system. | ||||
Ecological industry | Mechanisms of forest industry in Sweden | The factory follows the sustainable management of forests and produces ecologically friendly forest products | |||
"Green hydropower" certification mechanism in Swiss | Hydropower developers obtain "Green hydropower Certification" by optimizing hydropower production mode | ||||
Ecological services | Mountain forest tourism project in Hawaii, U.S. | Local residents rely on mountain landscape characteristics to drive tourism industry premium. | Ecological industrialization management model | ||
Rainforest certified coffee project in U.S. | The enterprise create brand effect by obtaining standardized certification and creative marketing techniques. | ||||
National parks brand value-added system in France | |||||
Rural revitalization project in Shibatong Village, Hunan, China | Local residents rely on the karst landscape to drive the tourism industry premium. | ||||
Farmhouse project in Anji County, Huzhou Zhejiang, China | Local residents drive a premium in the tourism industry through a standard system of farmhouse music. | Ecological carrier premium model | |||
Ecological restoration and comprehensive development project of Wuyuan Bay, Xiamen, Fujian, China | The government, enterprises or social organizations drive the land premium of industrial transformation and upgrading through the comprehensive treatment of ecological environment and the improvement of environmental quality. | ||||
Yangtze River Protection Project in Jiangyin, Jiangsu, China | |||||
"Two Mountains Finance" Project in Lishui, Zhejiang, China | The bank evaluates the "ecological credit" of enterprises and launches "ecological loan" financial products. | Green finance model | |||
"Forest Ecological Bank" Project in Nanping, Fujian, China | Farmers use their forest rights as collateral to apply for loans at financial institutions or buy financial products. | ||||
Fulindai project in Sanming, Fujian, China |
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