Radulović, D.; Terzić, A.; Stojanović, J.; Jovanović, V.; Todorović, D.; Ivošević, B. Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles. Sustainability2024, 16, 720.
Radulović, D.; Terzić, A.; Stojanović, J.; Jovanović, V.; Todorović, D.; Ivošević, B. Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles. Sustainability 2024, 16, 720.
Radulović, D.; Terzić, A.; Stojanović, J.; Jovanović, V.; Todorović, D.; Ivošević, B. Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles. Sustainability2024, 16, 720.
Radulović, D.; Terzić, A.; Stojanović, J.; Jovanović, V.; Todorović, D.; Ivošević, B. Reapplication Potential of Historic Pb–Zn Slag with Regard to Zero Waste Principles. Sustainability 2024, 16, 720.
Abstract
Smelting used to be less efficient in the past; therefore, wastes obtained from historical processing at smelter plants usually contain certain quantities of valuable metals. Upon the extraction of useful metal elements, metallurgical slag can be repurposed as an alternative mineral raw material in the building sector. A case study was conducted, which included an investigation of the physico-chemical, mineralogical, and microstructural properties of Pb-Zn slag found at the historic landfill near the Topilnica Veles smelter in North Macedonia. The slag was sampled using drill holes. The mineralogical and microstructural analysis revealed that the Pb-Zn slag is a very complex and inhomogeneous alternative raw material with utilizable levels of metals, specifically Pb (2.3 wt%), Zn (7.1 wt%), and Ag (27.5 ppm). Crystalline mineral phases wurtzite, sphalerite, galena, cerussite, akermanite, wüstite, monticellite, franklinite, and zincite were identified in the analyzed samples. The slag’s matrix consisted of alumino-silicates, amorphous silicates, and mixtures of spinel and silicates. Because the extraction of Pb, Zn, and Ag has economic potential, the first reutilization stage will be to convert metal concentrates into their collective concentrate, from which the maximum amount of these valuable elements may be taken out. This will include combination of gravity concentration and separation techniques. The next step is to assess the Pb-Zn slag’s potential applications in civil engineering based on its mineralogical and physico-mechanical properties. Alumino-silicates, amorphous silicates, and mixtures of spinel and silicates present in Pb-Zn slag, which contain high concentrations of SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and Fe2O3, are suitable for use in cementitious building composites. The goal of this research is to suggest a solution for closing the circle of slag's reutilization in terms of Zero Waste principles, so it is critical to thoroughly investigate the material and establish methods and preparation processes, as well as ways of concentrating useful components into commercial products.
Keywords
critical raw materials; alternative deposits; secondary resources; building materials; instrumental analyses; microscopy.
Subject
Engineering, Civil Engineering
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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