Santos, L.D.L.; Generoso, T.O.; De Angeli, L.R.A.; Blumetti, F.C.; Barcelos, F.M. Idiopathic Toe Walking: What’s New? An Integrative Review. Preprints2023, 2023120331. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.0331.v1
APA Style
Santos, L.D.L., Generoso, T.O., De Angeli, L.R.A., Blumetti, F.C., & Barcelos, F.M. (2023). Idiopathic Toe Walking: What’s New? An Integrative Review. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.0331.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Santos, L.D.L., Francesco Camara Blumetti and Filipe Machado Barcelos. 2023 "Idiopathic Toe Walking: What’s New? An Integrative Review" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202312.0331.v1
Abstract
Background: Idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW) is the persistence of a forefoot strike pattern at initial contact while walking beyond the age of three years, in the absence of other justifiable causes. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the subject and to highlight recent advancements in literature. Methods: We conducted an electronic search in the following databases up to June 2023: Ovid MEDLINE, EBSCO, Embase, CINAHL Plus, and PubMed. The PICO framework was employed to define search terms. Results: Despite considerable methodological heterogeneity among studies, we found a stronger inclination toward investigating etiological and prognostic factors. There is a trend for a higher prevalence in boys with a positive family history. Novel classifications have been proposed to improve differential diagnosis. Among conservative treatment options, there is stronger evidence for gait improvement with the use of serial casting followed by orthoses. Severe cases may benefit from surgical Zone III gastrocsoleus lengthening. Conclusion: Further studies with standardized methodologies are required to clarify questions about the etiology, classification, and treatment of this condition. Nonetheless, there is a higher level of evidence supporting conservative treatments with serial casting and orthoses, as well as gastrocsoleus Zone III surgical lengthening for severe cases in the second decade of life.
Keywords
Idiopathic Toe Walking; Equinus Gait; Tip Toe Walking; Toe Walking Behavior; Treatment; Narrative Review.
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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