Article
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Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
LSTM-based Virtual Load Sensor for Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Version 1
: Received: 30 November 2023 / Approved: 1 December 2023 / Online: 1 December 2023 (04:58:35 CET)
A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.
İşbitirici, A.; Giarré, L.; Xu, W.; Falcone, P. LSTM-Based Virtual Load Sensor for Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Sensors 2024, 24, 226. İşbitirici, A.; Giarré, L.; Xu, W.; Falcone, P. LSTM-Based Virtual Load Sensor for Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Sensors 2024, 24, 226.
Abstract
In this paper, a special recurrent neural network (RNN) called \emph{Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)} is used to design a virtual load sensor that estimates the mass of heavy vehicles. The estimation algorithm consists of a two-layer LSTM network, with the two layers based on sequence-to-sequence and sequence-to-one logic, respectively. The network estimates the vehicle mass based on the vehicle speed, longitudinal acceleration, engine speed, engine torque, and the accelerator pedal position. The network is trained and tested with a data set collected in a high-fidelity simulation environment called Truckmaker. Training data is generated in acceleration maneuvers in a range of speeds whereas test data is obtained by simulating the vehicle in a Worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC). Preliminary results show that, with the proposed approach, the heavy-vehicle mass can be estimated as accurately as commercial load sensors in a range of load mass as wide as four tons.
Keywords
Neural networks, virtual sensors, mass estimation,
Subject
Engineering, Automotive Engineering
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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