Martins, R.X.; Carvalho, M.; Maia, M.E.; Flor, B.; Souza, T.; Rocha, T.L.; Félix, L.M.; Farias, D. 2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers. Toxics2024, 12, 35.
Martins, R.X.; Carvalho, M.; Maia, M.E.; Flor, B.; Souza, T.; Rocha, T.L.; Félix, L.M.; Farias, D. 2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers. Toxics 2024, 12, 35.
Martins, R.X.; Carvalho, M.; Maia, M.E.; Flor, B.; Souza, T.; Rocha, T.L.; Félix, L.M.; Farias, D. 2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers. Toxics2024, 12, 35.
Martins, R.X.; Carvalho, M.; Maia, M.E.; Flor, B.; Souza, T.; Rocha, T.L.; Félix, L.M.; Farias, D. 2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers. Toxics 2024, 12, 35.
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a globally used herbicide and is frequently found in water samples. This fact has prompted studies on its effects in non-target organisms, revealing significant alterations on liver structure and function. In this review, we evaluated the literature on the hepatotoxicity of 2,4-D, focusing on morphological damages, biomarkers of toxicity and affected liver functions. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus and 83 articles were selected after curation. Among the studies, 72% used in vivo models and 30% used in vitro models. Additionally, 48% used the active ingredient, and 35% used commercial formu-lations in exposure experiments. The most affected biomarkers were related to a decrease in an-tioxidant capacity, including alterations in the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, and in the levels of malondialdehyde. Changes in energy metabolism, lipids, liver function, and xenobiotic metabolism were also identified. Furthermore, we found studies about the effects of 2,4-D in mixtures with other pesticides, as well as hepatoprotection trials. The reviewed data in-dicate that the reduction in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress play an important role in 2,4-D-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of action of the herbicide is still not ful-ly understood and further research in this area is needed.
Keywords
drug induced liver injury, emerging contaminant, oxidative stress, water pollution, agrochemical.
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Toxicology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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