Guerreiro, A.; Brito, P. Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions. Oceans2023, 4, 381-393.
Guerreiro, A.; Brito, P. Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions. Oceans 2023, 4, 381-393.
Guerreiro, A.; Brito, P. Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions. Oceans2023, 4, 381-393.
Guerreiro, A.; Brito, P. Stability of the Macrocyclic Gd-DOTA Contrast Agent (DOTAREM) under Different Estuarine Environmental Conditions. Oceans 2023, 4, 381-393.
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) are complexes, highly stable in vivo, used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), administered in patients and then eliminated via renal, passing through wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) before being discarded in the receiving medium, without apparent removal. In this study, it was studied if different exposure periods to several environmental parameters (solar radiation, different salinities, temperatures and pH) will influence the stability of these complexes, namely, the Gd-DOTA. Gd-DOTA solutions were processed in a seaFAST-pico saline matrix pre-concentration and elimination system and Gd concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. Results showed that the complex remained stable in fresh, brackish and saline water environments, even when exposed to extreme temperatures (40ºC) or slightly acidic to basic conditions (6-10), for an exposure period of 96h. A small increase in the free Gd concentration was observed after 18 days when exposed to pH<4, in all tested salinities (0, 18 and 36 PSU), with a degradation increase of up to 29%, after 5 weeks of exposure in freshwater. When exposed to direct solar radiation a low Gd-DOTA degradation (4%) was observed after 24h at salinity 18 PSU and remained constant until the end of the exposure period (96h), while the remaining salinities showed negligible values.
Keywords
Gadolinium; Contrast Agent; ICP-MS; Chemical Stability
Subject
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Pollution
Copyright:
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