Sandor, L.F.; Ragacs, R.; Gyori, D.S. Local Effects of Steroid Hormones within the Bone Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2023, 24, 17482.
Sandor, L.F.; Ragacs, R.; Gyori, D.S. Local Effects of Steroid Hormones within the Bone Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17482.
Sandor, L.F.; Ragacs, R.; Gyori, D.S. Local Effects of Steroid Hormones within the Bone Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2023, 24, 17482.
Sandor, L.F.; Ragacs, R.; Gyori, D.S. Local Effects of Steroid Hormones within the Bone Microenvironment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17482.
Abstract
Steroid hormone production by adrenal cortex, gonads and placenta (so called glandular steroidogenesis) is responsible for the endocrine control of the body’s homeostasis and organized by a feedback regulatory mechanism based on the hypothalamus-pituitary-steroidogenic gland axis. On the other hand, recently discovered extraglandular steroidogenesis occurring locally in different tissues is rather linked to paracrine or autocrine signaling and it is independent of the control by the hypothalamus and pituitary. Bone cells, such as bone-forming osteoblast, osteoblast-derived osteocytes and bone-resorbing osteoclasts respond to steroid hormones produced by both glandular and extraglandular steroidogenesis. Recently, new techniques to identify steroid hormones as well as synthetic steroids and steroidogenesis inhibitors have been introduced, which greatly empowered steroid hormone research. Based on recent literature and new advances in the field, here we review the local role of steroid hormones in regulating bone homeostasis and skeletal lesion formation. The novel idea of extraglandular steroidogenesis occurring within the skeletal system raises the possibility of the development of new therapies for the treatment of bone diseases.
Keywords
extraglandular steroidogenesis; de novo steroidogenesis; steroid hormones; bone metabolism; osteoclast; osteoblast; osteocyte; bone tumors; bone metastasis; pregnenolone derivates
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
