Usta, S.Z.; Uchihashi, T.; Kodama, S.; Kurioka, K.; Inubushi, T.; Shimooka, T.; Sugauchi, A.; Seki, S.; Tanaka, S. Current Status and Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy in Oral Malignant Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2023, 24, 17282.
Usta, S.Z.; Uchihashi, T.; Kodama, S.; Kurioka, K.; Inubushi, T.; Shimooka, T.; Sugauchi, A.; Seki, S.; Tanaka, S. Current Status and Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy in Oral Malignant Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17282.
Usta, S.Z.; Uchihashi, T.; Kodama, S.; Kurioka, K.; Inubushi, T.; Shimooka, T.; Sugauchi, A.; Seki, S.; Tanaka, S. Current Status and Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy in Oral Malignant Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2023, 24, 17282.
Usta, S.Z.; Uchihashi, T.; Kodama, S.; Kurioka, K.; Inubushi, T.; Shimooka, T.; Sugauchi, A.; Seki, S.; Tanaka, S. Current Status and Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy in Oral Malignant Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17282.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) antibodies, have initiated a new era in the treatment of malignant melanoma. ICIs can be used in various settings, including as first-line, adjuvant, and neoadjuvant therapy. In the scope of this review, we examined clinical studies utilizing ICIs in the context of treating oral mucosal melanoma, a rare disease albeit with an extremely poor prognosis, with a specific focus on unraveling the intricate web of resistance mechanisms. The absence of a comprehensive review focusing on ICIs in oral mucosal melanoma is notable. Therefore, this review seeks to address this deficiency by offering a novel and thorough analysis of the current status, potential resistance mechanisms, and future prospects of applying ICIs specifically to oral malignant melanoma. Clarifying and thoroughly understanding these mechanisms will facilitate the advancement of effective therapeutic approaches and enhance the prospects for patients suffering from oral mucosal melanoma.
Medicine and Pharmacology, Oncology and Oncogenics
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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