Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Recent Advances on Imaging for Late-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Anny M.S. Cheng
ORCID logo ,
Kakarla V. Chalam
ORCID logo ,
Vikram S. Brar
,
David T.Y. Yang
,
Jineel Bhatt
,
Raphael G. Banoub
,
Shailesh K. Gupta
*
Version 1 : Received: 3 October 2023 / Approved: 3 October 2023 / Online: 4 October 2023 (07:41:14 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Cheng, A.M.S.; Chalam, K.V.; Brar, V.S.; Yang, D.T.Y.; Bhatt, J.; Banoub, R.G.; Gupta, S.K. Recent Advances in Imaging Macular Atrophy for Late-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3635. Cheng, A.M.S.; Chalam, K.V.; Brar, V.S.; Yang, D.T.Y.; Bhatt, J.; Banoub, R.G.; Gupta, S.K. Recent Advances in Imaging Macular Atrophy for Late-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Diagnostics 2023, 13, 3635.

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. In late-stage AMD, geographic atrophy (GA) of dry AMD or choroidal neovascularization (CNV) of neovascular AMD results in macular atrophy (MA), leading to significant visual loss. Despite the development of innovative therapies, there are currently no established effective treatments for MA. As a result, early detection of MA is critical in identifying later central macular involvement throughout time. Accurate and early diagnosis is achieved through a combination of clinical examination and imaging techniques. Our review of the literature depicted advances in retinal imaging to identify biomarkers of progression and risk factors for late AMD. Imaging methods like fundus autofluorescence (FAF), near-infrared reflectance (NIR), widefield imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT), multicolor confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (cSLO), and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can be used to detect and monitor the progression of retinal atrophy. Multifocal electroretinogram (ERG) and microperimetry are methods for quantifying visual function to map disease progression. The evolving diverse imaging modalities optimize detection of pathology anatomy and measurement of visual function; they may also contribute to the understanding of the underlying mechanistic pathways, particularly the underlying MA changes in late AMD.

Keywords

Age-related macular degeneration; confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope; fundus autofluorescence; macular atrophy; microperimetry; multifocal electroretinogram; optical coherence tomography angiography; optical coherence tomography

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Ophthalmology

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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