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Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Myth or Reality? The State of the Art on a Controversial Disease
La Bella, S.; Scorrano, G.; Rinaldi, M.; Di Ludovico, A.; Mainieri, F.; Attanasi, M.; Spalice, A.; Chiarelli, F.; Breda, L. Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Myth or Reality? The State of the Art on a Controversial Disease. Microorganisms2023, 11, 2549.
La Bella, S.; Scorrano, G.; Rinaldi, M.; Di Ludovico, A.; Mainieri, F.; Attanasi, M.; Spalice, A.; Chiarelli, F.; Breda, L. Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Myth or Reality? The State of the Art on a Controversial Disease. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2549.
La Bella, S.; Scorrano, G.; Rinaldi, M.; Di Ludovico, A.; Mainieri, F.; Attanasi, M.; Spalice, A.; Chiarelli, F.; Breda, L. Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Myth or Reality? The State of the Art on a Controversial Disease. Microorganisms2023, 11, 2549.
La Bella, S.; Scorrano, G.; Rinaldi, M.; Di Ludovico, A.; Mainieri, F.; Attanasi, M.; Spalice, A.; Chiarelli, F.; Breda, L. Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): Myth or Reality? The State of the Art on a Controversial Disease. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 2549.
Abstract
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) is one of the most controversial diseases in pediatric rheumatology. Despite its first description being published more than 25 years ago as the sudden and rapid onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and/or tic disorder symptoms as complications of a Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS) infection, precise epidemiological data are still lacking, and there are no strong recommendations for its treatment. Recent advances in the comprehension of PANDAS pathophysiology are largely attributable to animal model studies and the understanding of the roles of Ca++/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II, disrupted dopamine re-lease in the basal ganglia, and striatal cholinergic interneurons. The diagnosis of PANDAS should be made after an exclusion process and should include prepubescent children with a sudden onset of OCD and/or a tic disorder, with a relapsing/remitting disease course, a clear temporal association between GAS infection and onset or exacerbation of symptoms, and the association with other neurological abnormalities such as motoric hyperactivity and choreiform movements. Antibiotic medications are the primary therapeutic modality. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of randomized studies and validated data, resulting in a scarcity of solid recommendations.
Medicine and Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health
Copyright:
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