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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
12 September 2023
Posted:
14 September 2023
You are already at the latest version
Software | Description |
---|---|
OpenLCA | OpenLCA is an advanced open source software for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of products and services. It has the advantage of being accessible and versatile, which makes it widely used in research and industrial practise [22]. |
SimaPro + Report Maker | SimaPro is a professional tool that provides a comprehensive assessment of the environmental footprint of products and processes. Report Maker is a tool that integrates with SimaPro and allows the creation of advanced reports and visualisations of the results of the LCA [23]. |
Tally (GaBi) | Tally is a specialised software dedicated to analysis in the construction sector, mainly in the United States [24]. |
Umberto LCA+ | Umberto LCA+ can calculate carbon footprints, perform LCA analysis, create EPD declarations, and use the integrated ecoinvent database [25,26]. |
One Click LCA Product Carbon & EPD Generator | One-Click LCA is an expert package that allows you to split into an LCA module and a Carbon Footprint + EPD. However, the functionality of this software is limited to calculating the carbon footprint. It is integrated with an EPD generator based on the EN15804 standard [27]. |
Software | Description |
---|---|
One Click LCA | It is a commonly used assessment tool to measure the environmental sustainability of construction projects. One Click LCA can be added to Autodesk Revit, ArchiCAD and SketchUp as an additional feature. It enables users to perform sustainability assessments during the design process, considering factors like building materials, energy usage, and emissions. |
Tally | It is an add-on to Autodesk Revit that allows you to explore the environmental impact of buildings as you design them. It allows the assessment of various aspects of sustainability, including carbon footprint, energy consumption, water consumption, materials, and waste. |
eToolLCD | It is a cloud-based LCA tool that integrates with BIM software such as Revit and ArchiCAD. It allows detailed LCA analyses to be carried out, taking into account various aspects of the building, such as building materials, energy consumption, waste management, and greenhouse gas emissions. |
EC3 (Embodied Carbon in Construction Calculator) | It is an LCA tool developed by the Carbon Leadership Forum. It can be an add-on to BIM software such as Revit, Rhino, and Grasshopper. It makes it easy to measure the carbon footprint of building materials, which can help designers choose sustainable materials and make informed decisions about construction. |
Parameter | Building A Masonry building |
Building B Wooden building |
unit |
---|---|---|---|
Gross floor area | 153,80 | 139,80 | m2 |
Usable floor area | 113,90 | 115,70 | m2 |
Number of storeys | 2 | 2 | |
Number of bedrooms | 3 | 3 | units |
U-value thermal conductivity coefficient [W/m²K] | |||
external walls | 0,16 | 0,17 | W/m²K |
roof | 0,12 | 0,12 | W/m²K |
floor on the ground | 0,14 | 0,14 | W/m²K |
Net heating energy | 57,21 | 41,32 | kWh/m²r |
Net cooling energy | 5,02 | 12,13 | kWh/m²r |
Total net energy | 62,23 | 53,45 | kWh/m²r |
Energy consumption | 63,02 | 54,19 | kWh/m²r |
Fuel consumption | 9,34 | 9,11 | kWh/m²r |
CO2 emissions | 2,02 | 1,97 | kg/m²r |
Internal temperature (annual average value) |
|||
heated rooms | 20,66 | 21,51 | °C |
non-heated rooms | 14,83 | 15,32 | °C |
Material | Unit | Density (kg/m3) | Embodied energy (MJ/kg) PENRT A1-3 | Carbon data (kg CO2/unit) | Water m^3/m^3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reinforcing Steel | kg | 7850 | 5545 | 0,47 | 1,4540 |
Concrete C20/25 | kg/m³ | 2400 | 912 | 178,00 | 0,7600 |
Masonry bricks | kg/m³ | 575 | 1180 | 113,00 | 0,1710 |
KVH cnstruction timber | kg/m³ | 492,92 | 1124 | -767,80 | 0,2247 |
External silicone plaster | kg | 1700 | 13,79 | 0,69 | 0,0219 |
Internal gypsum plaster | kg/m³ | 1000 | 87,27 | 119,40 | 0,2412 |
Steel galvanized | kg | 7850 | 25,86 | 2,78 | 0,0031 |
Gypsum Fibreboard | kg/m³ | 1180 | 17,4 | 1,14 | 0,0070 |
Gypsum plaster board | kg/m² | 10 | 34,85 | 1,62 | 0,0079 |
Swisskrono OSB | kg/m³ | 614,5 | 3950 | -890,00 | 0,7980 |
Solid wood parquet | kg/m² | 575 | 87,27 | -18,74 | 0,0230 |
Aerated concrete P3 | kg/m³ | 380 | 1263 | 184,40 | 0,6385 |
Sand | kg | 1 | 0,03812 | 0,00 | 0,0000 |
Profiled aluminium sheets for roof | kg/m² | 2,9 | 360,3 | 27,03 | 0,3715 |
Stoneware tiles glazed | kg/m² | 20 | 100,4 | 6,18 | 0,0135 |
Stone wool aqustic insulation | kg/m³ | 155 | 1836 | 196,60 | 0,4590 |
Stone wool heat insulation | kg/m³ | 155.0 | 1836 | 196,60 | 0,4590 |
Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) foam board | kg/m³ | 32.7 | 786,5 | 54,24 | 0,3555 |
Air barrier membrane | kg/m² | 0,1715 | 15,81 | 1,18 | 0,0149 |
PE foil dimpled | kg/m² | 1,2 | 114,7 | 4,12 | 0,0161 |
Humidity variable air and vapour membrane | kg/m² | 0,092 | 12,53 | 0,53 | 0,0035 |
Underroof membrane reinforced PE fabric | kg/m² | 0.14 | 10,96 | 0,43 | 0,0037 |
Construction component |
Building A Masonry building |
Building B Wooden building |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
[kg CO2e] | [%] | [kg CO2e] | [%] | |
Foundations | 1045,61 | 3,69% | 1030,86 | -103,19% |
External walls | 9829,70 | 34,70% | 159,75 | -15,99% |
Internal walls | 1307,40 | 4,62% | -754,03 | 75,48% |
Inter-storey floor | 4076,31 | 14,39% | -5191,64 | 519,67% |
Roof | 1271,73 | 4,49% | 1376,55 | -137,79% |
Internal installations | 2575,00 | 9,09% | 224,00 | -22,42% |
Stairs | 2035,05 | 7,18% | -573,21 | 57,38% |
Windows | 5971,84 | 21,08% | 2515,39 | -251,78% |
Doors | 213,30 | 0,75% | 213,30 | -21,35% |
Global Warming Potential - total (GWP-total) | 28325,94 | 100,00% | -999,03 | 100,00% |
Total emission | 28325,94 | 5519,85 | ||
Excess CO2 accumulation | 0,00 | -6518,88 |
Life cycle phase | Cumulative energy [MJ] | |
---|---|---|
Building A Masonry building |
Building B Wooden building |
|
A1-A3 production stage | 9 340 581,87 | 7 936 714,68 |
Life cycle phase | Carbon footprint [kg CO2 e] | |
---|---|---|
Building A Masonry building |
Building B Wooden building |
|
A1-A3 production stage | 28 325,94 | -2 019,89 |
B6 energy consumption over a 50-year life cycle | 17 734,35 | 10 326,62 |
Total | 46 060,29 | 8 306,73 |
Life cycle phase | Water consumption [m3] | |
---|---|---|
Building A Masonry building |
Building B Wooden building |
|
A1-A3 production stage | 2 536,46 | 2 121,80 |
House type | Net Emissions kg CO2e |
Emissions Intensity kg CO2e/m2 |
Emissions Intensity kg CO2e/m2/yr |
Emissions Intensity kg CO2e/bedroom |
Energy kWh/yr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building A – Masonry building | 46 060,29 | 299,48 | 5,99 | 15 353,43 | 94,87 |
Building B – Wooden building | 8 306,73 | 59,42 | 1,19 | 2 768,91 | 47,72 |
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