Review
Version 1
Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations
Version 1
: Received: 23 August 2023 / Approved: 23 August 2023 / Online: 24 August 2023 (03:48:51 CEST)
A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.
Sokolov, S.; Zyrina, A.; Akimov, S.; Knorre, D.; Severin, F. Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations. Membranes 2023, 13, 841. Sokolov, S.; Zyrina, A.; Akimov, S.; Knorre, D.; Severin, F. Toxic Effects of Penetrating Cations. Membranes 2023, 13, 841.
Abstract
As mitochondria are negatively charged organelles, penetrating cations are used as a part of the chimeric molecules to deliver the specific compounds into mitochondria. However, unmodified penetrating cations affect different aspects of cellular physiology as well. In this review we have attempted to summarize the data about side effects of the commonly used natural (e.gberberine) and artificial (e.g. tetraphenylphosphonium, rhodamine, methylene blue) penetrating cations on cellular physiology. For instance, it was shown that such types of molecules can (1) facilitate proton transport across membranes; (2) react with redox groups of respiratory chain; (3) induce DNA damage; (4) interfere with pleiotropic drug resistance; (5) disturb membrane integrity (6) inhibit the enzymes. Also, the products of the biodegradation of penetrating cations can be toxic. As penetrating cations accumulate in mitochondria, their toxicity is mostly due to the mitochondrial damage. Mitochondria of certain types of cancer cells appear to be especially sensitive to penetrating cations. Here we discuss the molecular mechanisms of the toxic effects and the anti-cancer activity of the penetrating cations.
Keywords
penetrating cations; mitochondria; membrane; uncoupler; phospholipid bilayer; anti-cancer
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Comments (0)
We encourage comments and feedback from a broad range of readers. See criteria for comments and our Diversity statement.
Leave a public commentSend a private comment to the author(s)
* All users must log in before leaving a comment
