This version is not peer-reviewed.
Submitted:
20 August 2023
Posted:
22 August 2023
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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
Parameters | PPWF1 | PPWF2 | PPWF3 | PPWF4 | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Swelling capacity(mL) | 17.30±1.85 | 18.20±0.81 | 20.18±0.71 | 19.45±0.56 | 11.77±0.51 |
Emulsion capacity (%) | 47.88±5.12 | 48.88±4.12 | 41.88±3.52 | 33.88±5.12 | 23.88±4.12 |
Foaming capacity (%) | 20.72±5.03 | 21.12±4.7 | 24.66±5.5 | 25.36±5.77 | 12.42±5.3 |
Flour Mix |
Apple pomace pow- der |
Indian gooseberry pomace powder | Potato peel powder | Bottle gourd peel powder | Whole wheat flour |
PPWF1 | 10% | 5% | 5% | 4% | 76% |
PPWF2 | 15% | 10% | 10% | 8% | 57% |
PPWF3 | 20% | 15% | 15% | 12% | 38% |
PPWF4 | 25% | 20% | 20% | 16% | 19% |
Ingredients | G1 (20-80%) | G2 (30-70%) | Control 100% |
---|---|---|---|
Refined wheat flour | 80 g | 70 g | 100 g |
PPWF3 | 20 g | 30 g | 0 g |
Lukewarm Water (43°C) | 60 ml | 60 ml | 60 ml |
Salt | 2 g | 2 g | 2 g |
Baker’s yeast | 6 g | 6 g | 6 g |
Sugar | 4 g | 4 g | 4 g |
SoybeanCookingOil | 2 mL | 2 mL | 2 mL |
Attributes | Apple Pomace Powder |
Indian gooseberry Pomace Powder | Potato Peels Powder |
Bottle Gourd Peels powders | Whole Wheat Flour |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture(%) | 5.5 ± 0.28 | 9.31 ± 0.16 | 11.44 ± 0.04 | 9.40 ± 0.04 | 12.3 ± 0.28 |
Ash (%) | 1.89 ± 0.10 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 2.92 ± 0.04 | 3.92 ± 0.01 | 1.5 ± 0.07 |
Fat(%) | 4.15 ± 0.19 | 6.14 ± 0.20 | 2.42 ± 0.03 | 2.43 ± 0.12 | 1.7 ± 0.36 |
Fiber (%) | 10.15 ± 1.19 | 13.15 ± 0.29 | 8.15 ± 0.22 | 7.24± 0.13 | 0.3 ± 0.11 |
Pectin (%) | 10.2 ± 0.21 | 4.27 ± 0.28 | 0.64 ± 0.42 | 1.17 ± 0.21 | Non Detectable |
Vitamin C (mg/g) |
10.54 ± 0.17 | 272.71 ± 0.06 | 2.14 ± 0.07 | 13.53 ± 0.05 | 1.48 ± 0.06 |
Protein(%) | 1.53 ± 0.05 | 1.77 ± 0.11 | 2.17 ± 0.07 | 2.74 ± 0.07 | 11.79 ± 0.10 |
WAC(%) a | 418.66 ± 3.53 | 831 ± 33.94 | 367.33 ± 8.48 | 316 ± 12.72 | 129 ± 16.26 |
OAC(%) b | 132 ± 5.65 | 454 ± 5.65 | 168.66 ± 13.43 |
152 ± 10.60 | 169 ± 16.97 |
TPC (mg/GAE/g)c |
10.447 ± 0.06 | 45.754 ± 0.08 | 2.144 ± 0.03 | 6.467 ± 0.03 | 2.23 ± 0.05 |
TS(mg/g) d | 121.35 ± 0.12 | 72.54 ± 0.20 | 41.40 ± 0.24 | 95.33 ± 0.18 | 25.14 ± 0.10 |
RS(mg/g) e | 16.19 ± 0.30 | 34.71 ± 0.32 | 23.69 ± 0.06 | 3.37 ± 0.12 | 11.41 ± 0.13 |
NRS (mg/g) f | 99.79 ± 0.16 | 35.75 ± 0.05 | 17.08 ± 0.002 | 87.33 ± 0.08 | 13 ± 0.02 |
Parameters | PPWF1 | PPWF2 | PPWF3 | PPWF4 | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture (%) | 12.246 ± 0.30 | 9.5 ± 0.28 | 9.5 ± 0.07 a | 9.38 ± 0.37 | 12.2 ± 0.28 b |
Ash (%) | 3.30 ± 0.23 | 3.5 ± 0.28 | 2.58 ± 0.23 a | 4.67 ± 0.14 | 0.50 ± 0.07 a |
Fat (%) | 1.5 ± 0.28 | 5.17 ± 0.05 | 3.3 ± 0.28 a | 3.15 ± 0.03 | 1.74 ± 0.36 a |
Fiber (%) | 6.26 ± 0.11 | 7.28 ± 0.01 | 8.16 ± 0.17 a | 8.28 ± 0.01 | 3.16 ± 0.11 b |
Protein (%) | 2.57 ± 0.14 | 2.82 ± 0.04 | 3.18 ± 0.06a | 3.16 ± 0.09 | 10.79 ± 0.10b |
Vitamin C (mg/100g) |
7.16 ± 0.11 | 8.28 ± 0.01 | 13.64 ± 0.09 a | 4.4 ± 0.49 | 1.48 ± 0.06 b |
WAC (%) | 424.66 ± 2.12 | 424.4 ± 13.43 | 431.4± 25.45a | 460.4 ± 8.48 | 129.4 ± 16.26a |
OAC (%) | 255.66 ± 8.48 | 231.66 ± 24.78 |
253 ± 2.82 a | 235.66 ± 13.43 |
169 ± 16.97a |
TPC (mg/GAE/g) |
13.34 ± 0.06 | 11.89 ± 0.08 | 14.48 ± 0.11 a | 13.27 ± 0.09 | 2.23 ± 0.05 b |
TS (mg/g) | 93.56 ± 0.31 | 105.67 ± 0.26 | 78.66 ± 0.29 a | 59.31 ± 0.12 | 25.14 ± 0.10 b |
RS (mg/g) | 47.48 ± 0.03 | 66.54 ± 0.10 | 38.05 ± 3.26a | 41.55 ± 0.15 | 11.41 ± 0.13 b |
NRS (mg/g) | 43.77 ± 0.33 | 37.17 ± 0.35 | 41.14 ± 0.55a | 16.87 ± 0.03 | 13 ± 0.02 b |
Parameters | 100% | G1(20-80) % | G2(30-70) % |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture Content (%) | 20.31 ± 0.40 a | 30.5 ± 0.28b | 27.9 ± 0.09b |
Ash Content (%) | 4.7 ± 0.25 a | 4.8 ± 0.11 a | 5.4 ± 0.01 b |
Fat (%) | 3.44 ± 0.28a | 3.26 ± 0.14 a | 8.24 ± 0.35 b |
Protein (%) | 2.3 ± 0.19 a | 2.42 ± 0.05 a | 2.44 ± 0.42a |
Fibre (%) | 2.57 ± 0.06 a | 5.1 ± 0.35 b | 4.95 ± 0.14 b |
Carbohydrates (%) | 65.41 ± 0.26 a | 54.32 ± 0.57b | 70.36 ± 0.15 ab |
Energy (Kcal/100 gm) | 303.04 ± 0.04 a | 255.2 ± 0.21b | 365.46 ± 0.52 ab |
Vitamin C (mg/100g) | 2.18 ± 0.07 a | 2.11 ± 0.01a | 2.75 ± 0.008 b |
TPC (mg/GAE/g) | 7.46 ± 0.08 a | 9.58 ± 0.06 b | 9.26 ± 0.10 b |
TS (mg/g) | 121 ± 0.14 a | 72 ± 60 b | 48.5 ± 0.05 ab |
RS (mg/g) | 28.41 ± 0.15a | 22.35 ± 0.13 b | 34.6 ± 0.32 ab |
NRS (mg/g) | 88.26 ± 0.28 a | 47.74 ± 0.01b | 13.20 ± 0.25 ab |
Attributes | Apple Pomace Powder |
Amla Pomace Powder |
Potato Peels Powder | Bottle Gourd Peels |
---|---|---|---|---|
Swelling capacity(mL) | 17.60±1.85 | 15.40±1.85 | 19.00±0.71 | 17.40±1.85 |
Emulsion capacity (%) | 36.33±3.05 | 38.4±3.22 | 41.66±3.77 | 43.88±4.12 |
Foaming capacity (%) | 16.9±4.00 | 17.2±5.3 | 15.22±4.04 | 17.33±3.23 |
Parameters | 100% | G1(20-80)% | G2(30-70)% |
---|---|---|---|
Loaf weight (g) | 93.8 ± 1.68 a | 96.2 ± 3.7a | 96.17 ± 0.88 a |
Loaf Volume (cm3) | 349 ± 2.6 a | 302 ± 24.1 a | 247 ± 12.4 b |
Specific Volume (cm3/g) | 3.68 ± 0.07a | 3.60 ± 0.07 a | 3.96 ± 0.06 b |
Colour L* |
74.9 ± 0.08 a | 55.7 ± 1.6 b | 42.9 ± 1.25 c |
a* | 1.59 ± 0.17 b | 2.39 ± 0.70b | 3.84 ± 0.46 a |
b* | 21.6 ± 0.17 b | 36.0 ± 2.98a | 37.0 ± 1.97 a |
Hardness | 317 ± 62.6 c | 421 ± 71.2a | 464 ± 76.4 b |
Cohesiveness | 0.89 ± 0.04 a | 0.84 ± 0.02 a | 0.82 ± 0.01 a |
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