Version 1
: Received: 4 August 2023 / Approved: 8 August 2023 / Online: 9 August 2023 (08:42:43 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 23 September 2023 / Approved: 26 September 2023 / Online: 26 September 2023 (11:35:53 CEST)
How to cite:
Brown, B.; Imarogbe, C.; Fricke, I.; Mensah, P. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response. Preprints2023, 2023080706. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0706.v2
Brown, B.; Imarogbe, C.; Fricke, I.; Mensah, P. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response. Preprints 2023, 2023080706. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0706.v2
Brown, B.; Imarogbe, C.; Fricke, I.; Mensah, P. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response. Preprints2023, 2023080706. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0706.v2
APA Style
Brown, B., Imarogbe, C., Fricke, I., & Mensah, P. (2023). Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0706.v2
Chicago/Turabian Style
Brown, B., Ingo Fricke and Pascal Mensah. 2023 "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde: From Two Branches of Immune Response to Three Types of Interferon Response" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202308.0706.v2
Abstract
Interferons were the original prototype cytokine system discovered in 20th-century research. As the name implies, they were originally thought to be synthesised and secreted between cells. Thanks to technological advances, the processes involved in protein secretion can be explained comparatively more clearly at both the genetic and biochemical levels. The discovery of interferon (IFN) occurred when genetic research was still in its infancy. Franklin and Wilkins discovered the structure and function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at the same time as Crick and Watson; however, Isaacs and Lindemann, two scientists, described the first IFN in 1957. Mutations can be caused by inherent genetic protein synthesis and during infection as well as within IFN regulation pathways affecting cell proliferation. This remains central to host cell IFN synthesis and effects through IFN protein receptor subunits defined by 6 protein domains. Type II IFN is key to immune cell function secreted by a variety of immune cells, mainly natural killer (NK) as well as T cells. Single–stranded and/or double–stranded RNA/DNA viruses, as well as bacterial infections (e.g., Escherichia coli) and fungal infections (e.g., Aspergillus), also affect IFN regulation. Pathogenic proteins utilise intra/extracellular proteins that sense foreign antigens like Toll–like Receptors (TLRs), affected by mutations within the human cellular IFN transduction pathways. Since the discovery of the third IFN type in 2003, when immune cell phenotypes were further characterised, questions remain about the immunological mechanisms contributing to the regulation of the innate and adaptive host immune system. Alterations in the synthesis of type I/II/III host IFNs can differentially and beneficially alter homeostatic cellular pathways in pathological disease, with type I IFN being synthesised in cancer as well as by homeostatic cells. Therefore, considered here are the overall IFN molecular, cell regulatory mechanisms in the context of immune cell research developments.
Keywords
Interferon; Innate; Adaptive; Genetic; Molecular
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Immunology and Microbiology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Commenter: Brent Brown
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author