Preprint Article Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

The Accuracy and Absolute Reliability of a Knee Surgery Assistance System Based on ArUco-Type Sensors

Vicente J. León-Muñoz
* ORCID logo ,
Fernando Santonja-Medina
,
Francisco Lajara-Marco
,
Alonso J. Lisón-Almagro
,
Jesús Jiménez-Olivares
,
Carmelo Marín-Martínez
,
Salvador Amor-Jiménez
,
Elena Galián-Muñoz
,
Mirian López-López
,
Joaquín Moya-Angeler
ORCID logo
Version 1 : Received: 7 August 2023 / Approved: 8 August 2023 / Online: 8 August 2023 (11:18:09 CEST)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

León-Muñoz, V.J.; Santonja-Medina, F.; Lajara-Marco, F.; Lisón-Almagro, A.J.; Jiménez-Olivares, J.; Marín-Martínez, C.; Amor-Jiménez, S.; Galián-Muñoz, E.; López-López, M.; Moya-Angeler, J. The Accuracy and Absolute Reliability of a Knee Surgery Assistance System Based on ArUco-Type Sensors. Sensors 2023, 23, 8091. León-Muñoz, V.J.; Santonja-Medina, F.; Lajara-Marco, F.; Lisón-Almagro, A.J.; Jiménez-Olivares, J.; Marín-Martínez, C.; Amor-Jiménez, S.; Galián-Muñoz, E.; López-López, M.; Moya-Angeler, J. The Accuracy and Absolute Reliability of a Knee Surgery Assistance System Based on ArUco-Type Sensors. Sensors 2023, 23, 8091.

Abstract

Background: Recent advances allow the usage of Augmented Reality (AR) for many medical procedures. We perform different AR-assisted knee surgery techniques using optical surgical navigation with ArUco-type artificial marker sensors. Our study aimed to evaluate the system’s accuracy using an in vitro protocol. We hypothesised that the system’s accuracy was equal to or less than 1mm and 1° for distance and angular measurements, respectively. Methods: Our research was an in-vitro laboratory with a 316 L steel model. We evaluated absolute reliability according to the Hopkins criteria with seven independent evaluators. Each observer measured the thirty palpation points and the trademarks to acquire direct angular measurements on three occasions separated by at least two weeks. Results: The accuracy of the system to assess distances had a mean error of 1.203mm and an un-certainty of 2.062, and for the angular values, a mean error of 0.778° and an uncertainty of 1.438. The intraclass correlation coefficient was for all intra-observer and inter-observer almost perfect or perfect. Conclusions: The mean error for the distance’s determination has been statistically larger than 1mm (1.203mm) but with a trivial effect size. The mean error assessing angular values was sta-tistically minor than 1°. Our results are similar to those published by other authors in accuracy analyses of AR systems.

Keywords

accuracy; distance; angle; augmented reality (AR); orthopaedics; knee

Subject

Medicine and Pharmacology, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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