Version 1
: Received: 3 July 2023 / Approved: 4 July 2023 / Online: 4 July 2023 (12:16:59 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 28 July 2023 / Approved: 3 August 2023 / Online: 3 August 2023 (14:20:01 CEST)
Nathanailides, C.; Kolygas, M.; Tsoumani, M.; Gouva, E.; Mavraganis, T.; Karayanni, H. Addressing Phosphorus Waste in Open Flow Freshwater Fish Farms: Challenges and Solutions. Fishes 2023, 8, 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090442
Nathanailides, C.; Kolygas, M.; Tsoumani, M.; Gouva, E.; Mavraganis, T.; Karayanni, H. Addressing Phosphorus Waste in Open Flow Freshwater Fish Farms: Challenges and Solutions. Fishes 2023, 8, 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090442
Nathanailides, C.; Kolygas, M.; Tsoumani, M.; Gouva, E.; Mavraganis, T.; Karayanni, H. Addressing Phosphorus Waste in Open Flow Freshwater Fish Farms: Challenges and Solutions. Fishes 2023, 8, 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090442
Nathanailides, C.; Kolygas, M.; Tsoumani, M.; Gouva, E.; Mavraganis, T.; Karayanni, H. Addressing Phosphorus Waste in Open Flow Freshwater Fish Farms: Challenges and Solutions. Fishes 2023, 8, 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8090442
Abstract
Legislation and interest to protect and restore freshwater and marine ecosystems from aquaculture's environmental impact is global. However, aquaculture induced eutrophication continues to be a major environmental issue. Open freshwater fish farms in particular, providing fish with phosphorus-rich feeds pollute aquatic ecosystems since water soluble phosphorus, uneaten feed, feces, and metabolic waste from farmed fish increase phosphorus concentration in the adjacent waters. Several intestinal enzymes, transporters, and regulating factors are implicated in dietary phosphorus retention of farmed fish. For example, alkaline phosphatase and other transporters help the anterior intestine absorb phosphorus, while pH, calcium, and vitamin D affect these enzymes and transporters. Intestinal morphology and gut microbiome may also affect this process. Reducing phosphorus pollution from open-flow fish farms requires a thorough understanding of processes that affect nutrient retention and absorption as well as of the impact of dietary factors, anti-nutritional substances, and intestinal morphology. Optimizing feed composition, adding functional feed ingredients, and managing gut health can reduce phosphorus release and improve aquaculture sustainability. Processing and functional feed additives can mitigate anti-nutritional factors and, addressing these issues will reduce aquaculture's environmental impact, ensuring aquatic ecosystem health and global food security
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
3 August 2023
Commenter:
Cosmas Nathanailides
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
We are pleased to present this revised version of the manuscript, which incorporates valuable comments and suggestions from the reviewers. Their insightful feedback has greatly contributed to the enhancement of our work.
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Commenter: Cosmas Nathanailides
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author