Muteeb, G.; Rehman, M.T.; Shahwan, M.; Aatif, M. Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1615, doi:10.3390/ph16111615.
Muteeb, G.; Rehman, M.T.; Shahwan, M.; Aatif, M. Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1615, doi:10.3390/ph16111615.
Muteeb, G.; Rehman, M.T.; Shahwan, M.; Aatif, M. Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1615, doi:10.3390/ph16111615.
Muteeb, G.; Rehman, M.T.; Shahwan, M.; Aatif, M. Origin of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance, and Their Impacts on Drug Development: A Narrative Review. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1615, doi:10.3390/ph16111615.
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the major concerns to public human health due to issues in treatment and control of major infectious diseases. From discovery of penicillin in 1940, the antibiotic resistance originated and now developed the microorganisms as resistive strains to the major available antibiotics. Furthermore, studies on this captivating activity of the microbes provide insight into the complexities of microbial physiology and may offer some guidance in preventing the onset and consequent development of antibiotic resistance. Despite of initiatives taken in last few decades to overcome the issues, the trends of antibiotic resistance gained much peak. Antibiotic resistance appears to have emerged as a result of various factors including antibiotics being misused and overused in both the medical field and the agricultural sector. Important factors in the development of antibiotic resistance also include bacterial mutation, unplanned evolution, and horizontal gene transfers. In addition, antibiotics resistance imposed the financial consequences to public health and drug development research. Future advancements related to innovative antibiotics and molecular drug designing become challenge for researchers due to intensive multiple antibiotics resistance among human population. Many researches have been conducted on origin, evolutionary aspect of antibiotic resistance and mechanisms of antibiotics resistance, but its effect on future drug development is little understood. Therefore, the recent review will highlight the role of antibiotic resistance in drug designing and impacts of antibiotic resistance on drug development in future.
Keywords
Antibiotic resistance; Drug designing; Bacterial mutation; Bacterial evolution; Horizontal gene transfer; Public and agricultural health
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
