Fang, R.; Mohammed, A.N.; Yadav, J.S.; Wang, J. Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments. Toxics2023, 11, 720.
Fang, R.; Mohammed, A.N.; Yadav, J.S.; Wang, J. Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments. Toxics 2023, 11, 720.
Fang, R.; Mohammed, A.N.; Yadav, J.S.; Wang, J. Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments. Toxics2023, 11, 720.
Fang, R.; Mohammed, A.N.; Yadav, J.S.; Wang, J. Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments. Toxics 2023, 11, 720.
Abstract
Previous research via cell experiments has shown that ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) emitted from Three-Dimensional desktop printers (3D printers) had cytotoxicity. However, a few particles from different filaments and their cytotoxicity combinations have been tested. Here we quantify emissions of UFPs and use Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) from one commercially available filament extrusion desktop 3D printer utilizing three different filaments by controlled experiments. A549 cells were exposed at the ALI to UFPs generated by a working 3D printer for an average of 45 minutes and 90 minutes. Twenty-four hours after exposure, cells were analyzed for percent cytotoxicity grown on the 24-well ALI insert (LDH assay). UFP exposure resulted in decreased cell viability (significantly increased LDH levels). The result shows that Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) has the most significant particle emission. ALI exposures enable in vitro testing of mixtures of particles such as UFP from a 3D printer. ABS is the only filament with a significant difference compared with the HEPA control in 90 minutes of exposure (p-value <0.05). ABS and PETG we used during the experiment presented a significant difference compared with the HEPA control in 45 minutes of exposure.A screening analysis of potential exposure to these products in a typical environment suggests caution should be used when operating many printer and filament combinations in poorly ventilated spaces or without the aid of combined gas and particle filtration systems.
Public Health and Healthcare, Public, Environmental and Occupational Health
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
