Seong, S.-H.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, Y.-M.; Kim, J.-S.; Park, S.; Oh, J. Exploration of Potential Breath Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease through Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites2023, 13, 837.
Seong, S.-H.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, Y.-M.; Kim, J.-S.; Park, S.; Oh, J. Exploration of Potential Breath Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease through Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2023, 13, 837.
Seong, S.-H.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, Y.-M.; Kim, J.-S.; Park, S.; Oh, J. Exploration of Potential Breath Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease through Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites2023, 13, 837.
Seong, S.-H.; Kim, H.S.; Lee, Y.-M.; Kim, J.-S.; Park, S.; Oh, J. Exploration of Potential Breath Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease through Thermal Desorption–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2023, 13, 837.
Abstract
Breath volatile organic compound analysis is a non-invasive tool for assessing health status; the compositional profile of these compounds in the breath of patients with chronic kidney disease is believed to change with decreasing renal function. We aimed to identify breath volatile organic compounds for recognizing patients with chronic kidney disease. Using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, untargeted analysis of breath markers was performed using breath samples of healthy controls (n=18) versus non-dialysis (n=21) and hemodialysis (n=12) patients with chronic kidney disease in this cross-sectional study. A total of 303 volatile organic compounds alongside 12 clinical variables were used to determine the breath volatile organic compound profile. Metabolomic analysis revealed that age, systolic blood pressure, and fifty-eight breath volatile organic compounds differed significantly between the chronic kidney disease group (non-dialysis + hemodialysis) and healthy controls. Thirty-six volatile organic compounds and two clinical variables that showed significant associations with chronic kidney disease in the univariate analysis were further analyzed. Different spectras of breath volatile organic compounds between the control and chronic kidney disease groups were obtained. Multivariate model incorporating age, 2-methyl-pentane, and cyclohexanone showed high performance (accuracy, 86%) in identifying patients with chronic kidney disease, with odds ratios (95% confidence interval) P-values of 0.18 (0.07-2.49) 0.013; 2.10 (0.94-2.24) 0.025; and 2.31 (0.88–2.64) 0.008, respectively. Hence, renal dysfunction-associated characteristic profiles of breath volatile organic substances can be used as non-invasive markers to screen for chronic kidney disease.
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