Wada, K.C.; Hayashi, A.; Lee, U.; Tanabata, T.; Isobe, S.; Itoh, H.; Maeda, H.; Fujisako, S.; Kochi, N. A Novel Method for Quantifying Plant Morphological Characteristics Using Normal Vectors and Local Curvature Data via 3D Modelling—A Case Study in Leaf Lettuce. Sensors2023, 23, 6825.
Wada, K.C.; Hayashi, A.; Lee, U.; Tanabata, T.; Isobe, S.; Itoh, H.; Maeda, H.; Fujisako, S.; Kochi, N. A Novel Method for Quantifying Plant Morphological Characteristics Using Normal Vectors and Local Curvature Data via 3D Modelling—A Case Study in Leaf Lettuce. Sensors 2023, 23, 6825.
Wada, K.C.; Hayashi, A.; Lee, U.; Tanabata, T.; Isobe, S.; Itoh, H.; Maeda, H.; Fujisako, S.; Kochi, N. A Novel Method for Quantifying Plant Morphological Characteristics Using Normal Vectors and Local Curvature Data via 3D Modelling—A Case Study in Leaf Lettuce. Sensors2023, 23, 6825.
Wada, K.C.; Hayashi, A.; Lee, U.; Tanabata, T.; Isobe, S.; Itoh, H.; Maeda, H.; Fujisako, S.; Kochi, N. A Novel Method for Quantifying Plant Morphological Characteristics Using Normal Vectors and Local Curvature Data via 3D Modelling—A Case Study in Leaf Lettuce. Sensors 2023, 23, 6825.
Abstract
3D measurement is a high-throughput method that can record a large amount of information. In this study, we have developed new methods that could be used for morphological analysis of plants from the information contained in 3D data. Specifically, we investigated characteristics that can be measured by scale (dimension) and/or visual assessment by humans. The characteristics that can be measured on a scale-related dimension were tested based on the bounding box, convex hull, column solid, and voxel. Furthermore, for characteristics that can be evaluated by visual assessment, we propose a new method using normal vectors and local curvature (LC) data. For these examinations, we used our highly accurate all-around 3D plant modelling system. The correlation coefficients between manual measurements and the scale-related methods were all above 0.9. In particular, the differences in LC calculated from the normal vector data allowed us to visualize and quantify the concavity and convexity of leaves. Furthermore, we also found a difference in the time point at which leaf blistering began to develop among the cultivars. The precise 3D model made it possible to perform quantitative measurements of lettuce size and morphological characteristics. In addition, the newly proposed LC-based analysis method made it possible to quantify the characteristics that rely on visual assessment.
Keywords
3D; point cloud; measurement; visual assessment; normal vector; local curvature; compactness; phenotyping; leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa); blistering
Subject
Computer Science and Mathematics, Analysis
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
