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Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair Depend on Platelet Dosing and Bioformulation Strategies Following Orthobiological Platelet-Rich Plasma Procedures. A Narrative Review
Everts, P.A.; Lana, J.F.; Onishi, K.; Buford, D.; Peng, J.; Mahmood, A.; Fonseca, L.F.; van Zundert, A.; Podesta, L. Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair Depend on Platelet Dosing and Bioformulation Strategies Following Orthobiological Platelet-Rich Plasma Procedures: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines2023, 11, 1922.
Everts, P.A.; Lana, J.F.; Onishi, K.; Buford, D.; Peng, J.; Mahmood, A.; Fonseca, L.F.; van Zundert, A.; Podesta, L. Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair Depend on Platelet Dosing and Bioformulation Strategies Following Orthobiological Platelet-Rich Plasma Procedures: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1922.
Everts, P.A.; Lana, J.F.; Onishi, K.; Buford, D.; Peng, J.; Mahmood, A.; Fonseca, L.F.; van Zundert, A.; Podesta, L. Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair Depend on Platelet Dosing and Bioformulation Strategies Following Orthobiological Platelet-Rich Plasma Procedures: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines2023, 11, 1922.
Everts, P.A.; Lana, J.F.; Onishi, K.; Buford, D.; Peng, J.; Mahmood, A.; Fonseca, L.F.; van Zundert, A.; Podesta, L. Angiogenesis and Tissue Repair Depend on Platelet Dosing and Bioformulation Strategies Following Orthobiological Platelet-Rich Plasma Procedures: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1922.
Abstract
Angiogenesis is new blood vessel formation from existing vessels and is a critical first step in tissue repair following chronic disturbances in healing and degenerative tissues. Chronic pathoanatomic tissues are characterized by a high number of inflammatory cells, overexpression of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), the presence of mast cells, T cells, reactive oxygen species, and matrix metalloproteinases, and a decreased angiogenic capacity. Multiple studies have demonstrated that autologous orthobiological cellular preparations (e.g., platelet-rich plasma [PRP]) im-prove tissue repair and regenerate tissues. There are many PRP devices on the market. Unfortunately, they differ greatly in platelet numbers, cellular composition, and bioformulation. PRP is a platelet concentrate consisting of a high concentration of platelets with or without certain leukocytes, platelet-derived growth factors (PGFs), cytokines, molecules, and signaling cells. Several PRP products have immunomodulatory capacities that can influence resident cells in a diseased microenvironment, inducing tissue repair or re-generation. Generally, PRP is a blood-derived product, regardless of its platelet number and bioformulation, and the literature indicates both positive and negative patient treatment outcomes. Strangely, the literature does not designate specific PRP preparation qualifications that can potentially contribute to tissue re-pair. Moreover, the literature scarcely addresses the impact of platelets and leukocytes in PRP on (neo)angiogenesis other than a general one-size-fits-all statement that “PRP has angiogenic capabilities.” Here, we review the cellular composition of all PRP constituents, including leukocytes, and describe the importance of platelet dosing and bioformulation strategies in orthobiological applications to initiate angiogenic pathways that re-establish microvasculature networks, facilitating the supply of oxygen and nutrients to impaired tissues.
Public Health and Healthcare, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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