Version 1
: Received: 5 June 2023 / Approved: 6 June 2023 / Online: 6 June 2023 (08:21:45 CEST)
How to cite:
Fritzsch, B. Evolution and Development of Extra-Ocular Nerves and Muscles in Vertebrates. Preprints2023, 2023060416. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0416.v1
Fritzsch, B. Evolution and Development of Extra-Ocular Nerves and Muscles in Vertebrates. Preprints 2023, 2023060416. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0416.v1
Fritzsch, B. Evolution and Development of Extra-Ocular Nerves and Muscles in Vertebrates. Preprints2023, 2023060416. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0416.v1
APA Style
Fritzsch, B. (2023). Evolution and Development of Extra-Ocular Nerves and Muscles in Vertebrates. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0416.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Fritzsch, B. 2023 "Evolution and Development of Extra-Ocular Nerves and Muscles in Vertebrates" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0416.v1
Abstract
Extraocular eye muscles (EOMs) are innervated by axons of three ocular motor nuclei, the oculomotor (CNIII), trochlear (CNIV), and abducens (CNVI) neurons. The purpose of this review is to analyze the origin of ocular motor neurons, define the pattern of innervation of nerve fibers that project to the EOMs, pro-vide an overview of vestibular pathway inputs to ocular motor nuclei, and describe congenital disorders that alter the development of ocular motor neurons. Oculomotor neurons originate in the midbrain and innervate the ipsilateral orbit, except for the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae which are contra-laterally innervated. Trochlear motor neurons originate at the midbrain-hindbrain junction and innervate the contralateral superior oblique muscle. Abducens motor neurons originate variously in the rhombomeres r4-6 and innervate the posterior (or lateral) rectus muscle and innervate the retractor bulbi. Genes allow yielding a distinction between special somatic (CNIII, IV) and somatic (CNVI) ocular motor neurons. The ocular motor neurons are innervating somites, which receive innervates vestibular nuclei that connects with the brainstem motor neurons. Development of ocular motor neurons and their axonal projections to the EOMs may be derailed by various genetic causes, resulting in the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders.
Keywords
oculomotor neurons; trochlear motor neurons; abducens motor neurons; extraocular eye muscles; vestibular nuclei connections
Subject
Biology and Life Sciences, Anatomy and Physiology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
