Pikula, K.; Johari, S.A.; Santos-Oliveira, R.; Golokhvast, K. The Comparative Toxic Impact Assessment of Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerene, Graphene, and Graphene Oxide on Marine Microalgae Porphyridium purpureum. Toxics2023, 11, 491.
Pikula, K.; Johari, S.A.; Santos-Oliveira, R.; Golokhvast, K. The Comparative Toxic Impact Assessment of Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerene, Graphene, and Graphene Oxide on Marine Microalgae Porphyridium purpureum. Toxics 2023, 11, 491.
Pikula, K.; Johari, S.A.; Santos-Oliveira, R.; Golokhvast, K. The Comparative Toxic Impact Assessment of Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerene, Graphene, and Graphene Oxide on Marine Microalgae Porphyridium purpureum. Toxics2023, 11, 491.
Pikula, K.; Johari, S.A.; Santos-Oliveira, R.; Golokhvast, K. The Comparative Toxic Impact Assessment of Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerene, Graphene, and Graphene Oxide on Marine Microalgae Porphyridium purpureum. Toxics 2023, 11, 491.
Abstract
The growing production and application of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) represent possible risks for aquatic systems. However, the variety of CNMs with different physical and chemical properties, and different morphology complicated the understanding of their potential toxicity. This paper aims to evaluate and compare the toxic impact of four most common CNMs, namely multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerene (C60), graphene (Gr), and graphene oxide (GrO) in marine microalgae Porphyridium purpureum. The microalgae cells were exposed to the CNMs for 96 h and measured by flow cytometry. Based on the obtained results, we determined no observed effect level (NOEL), calculated EC10 and EC50 concentrations for growth rate inhibition, esterase activity, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation changes for each tested CNMs. According to the sensitivity (growth rate inhibition) of P. purpureum, the used CNMs can be listed in following order: CNTs > GrO > Gr > C60. The toxicity of CNTs was significantly higher than the toxic effect of the other used CNMs and only this sample caused increase of ROS generation in microalgae cells. This effect caused by trace metal residuals in CNTs and high affinity between particles and microalgae associated with the presence of exopolysaccharide coverage on P. purpureum cells.
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