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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Submitted:
26 April 2023
Posted:
26 April 2023
You are already at the latest version
Pavement Surface Characteristics | Vehicle Operating Parameters | Tire Properties | Environment |
---|---|---|---|
Microtexture Macrotexture Megatexture/unevenness Material properties Temperature |
Slip speed (vehicle speed, breaking action) Driving maneuver (turning, overtaking) |
Foot Print Tread design and condition Rubber composition and hardness Inflation pressure Load Temperature |
Climate (wind temperature; rainfall-condensation; snow and ice) Contaminants (Anti-skid material; Dirt, mud, debris) |
Index (note) | Verbal classification | MPD (mm) in the road class of | |
---|---|---|---|
motorway, primary road | secondary road | ||
1 | very good | min. 0.89 | min. 0.79 |
2 | good | 0.74-0.88 | 0.64-0.78 |
3 | appropriate | 0.64-0.73 | 0.54-0.63 |
4 | poor | 0.54-0.63 | 0.44-0.53 |
5 | very poor | max. 0.53 | max. 0.43 |
Title | Measuring principle | Main parameter | Tyre and wheel load |
---|---|---|---|
ADHERA | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 1.0; Water film thickness: 1.0 mm; Measures macrotexture; Measurement speed: 40, 60, 90, 120 km/h; Measurement interval: 20 m. |
PIARC smooth profile tyre 165R15 (180 kPa) ; Wheel load: 2500 N. |
ASFT | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.12; Water film thickness:0-1.5 mm (ideally 0.9 mm) Measurement speed: 50, 70, 90 km/h Measurement interval: 10 m |
Trelleborg type 4.00-8" tyre (700±5 kPa); Wheel load: 2500 N |
BV-11 | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.17; Water film thickness: 0.5-1.0 mm; Measurement speed: 70 km/h; Measurement interval: 20 m. |
Trelleborg type T49 tyre (140 kPa); Wheel load: 1000 N. |
GripTester | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.15; Water film thickness: 0,5 mm; Measurement speed: 5-100 km/h; Measurement interval: 10-20 m or other. |
254 mm diameter smooth profile ASTM-tyre (140 kPa); Wheel load: 250 N. |
RoadSTAR | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.18; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measures macrotexture; Measurement speed: 30, 60 km/h; Measurement interval: 50 m. |
PIARC tyre with tread; Wheel load: 3500 N. |
ROAR DK | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.2; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measures macrotexture; Measurement speed: 60, 80 km/h; Measurement interval: >5 m. |
ASTM 1551 tyre (207 kPa); Wheel load: 1200 N. |
ROAR NL | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.86; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measures macrotexture; Measurement speed: 50, 70 km/h; Measurement interval: 5-100 m. |
ASTM 1551 tyre (200 kPa); Wheel load: 1200 N. |
RWS NL Skid Resistance Trailer |
Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.86; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measurement speed: 50, 70 km/h; Measurement interval: 5-100 m. |
PIARC smooth profile tyre 165R15 (200 kPa); Wheel load: 1962 N. |
Skiddometer BV-8 |
Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 1,0 or 0,14; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measurement speed: 40, 60, 80 km/h; Measurement interval: 30-50 m. |
AIPCR tyre with longitudinal tread 165R15; Wheel load: 3500 N. |
SRM | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.15; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measurement speed: 40, 60, 80 km/h; Measurement interval: 20 m or other. |
AIPCR tyre with longitudinal tread 165R15; Wheel load: 3500 N. |
TRT | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.15; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measurement speed: 40-140 km/h; Measurement interval: 20 m or other. |
Smooth profile ASTM- tyre; Wheel load: 1000 N. |
SRT-3 | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 1.0; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measurement speed: 60 km/h. |
Tyre with tread (200 kPa). |
IMAG | Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 1.0; Water film thickness: 1.0 mm; Measurement speed: 65 km/h; |
PIARC smooth profile tyre; Wheel load: 1500 N. |
SCRIM | Sideway friction coefficient (SFC) |
Slip angle: 20°; Water film thickness: 0.5 mm; Measures macrotexture; Measurement speed: 50 km/h; Measurement interval: >10 m. |
Avon SCRIM smooth profile tyre 76/508 (350 kPa); Wheel load: 1960 N |
SKM | Sideway friction coefficient (SFC) | Slip angle: 20°; Water film thickness: 0,5 mm; Measurement speed: 50 km/h; Measurement interval: 100 m or other. |
Smooth profile tyre; Wheel load: 1960 N. |
DFT Dynamic Friction Tester |
Rotating friction | For stationary measurements | |
SRT Pendulum |
Pendulum test | For stationary measurements | |
T2GO | Slow moving measurement; Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Slip ratio: 0.2; Used for pedestrian/bicycle paths, road marking |
Two 75 mm width tyres. |
VTI Portable Friction Tester (PFT) |
Slow moving measurement; Longitudinal friction coefficient (LFC) |
Used for pedestrian/bicycle paths |
Pavement category | Hot Rolled Asphalt | Asphalt Concrete | Cement Concrete | Surface Dressing |
I. | 0.80-0.50 | 0.75-0.50 | 0.75-0.50 | 0.90-0.50 |
II. | 0.80-0.45 | 0.70-0.45 | 0.65-0.45 | 0.80-0.45 |
III. | 0.70-0.40 | 0.64-0.40 | 0.64-0.40 | 0.80-0.40 |
IV. | 0.64-0.33 | 0.64-0.33 | 0.64-0.33 |
Pavement category | New pavement threshold | Warning threshold | Intervention level |
---|---|---|---|
I. | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.70 |
II. | 0.80 | 0.65 | 0.60 |
III. | 0.70 | 0.55 | 0.45 |
IV. | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
Asphalt mixture types | AC 8 kopó (F), AC 8 kopó (mF), AC 11 kopó (F), AC 11 kopó (mF), BBTM 4 A (mF), BBTM 8 A (mF), BBTM 8 B (mF), SMA 8 (mF), SMA 8 (mI), MA 11 (F), MA 11 (mF) |
AC 16 kopó (F), AC 16 kopó (mF), BBTM 11 A (mF), BBTM 11 B (mF), SMA 11 (mF), SMA 11 (mI) |
---|---|---|
Macro-texture compliance limit, mm, min. | 0.40 | 0.50 |
Road type | Texture depth, mm |
---|---|
Motorways | >0.5 |
Main road | >0.4 |
Local roads | >0.3 |
Urban roads, parking areas | none |
Country | Index | Conversion function | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
Austria | Skid resistance index | 9.9286-14.236 TP* | network level |
Belgium | Skid resistance index | 4(SFC**-0.1)/3 | |
Poland | Skid parameter | 100-180TP |
Limits | Main roads | Local roads |
---|---|---|
Threshold values | TV = -0,23*OS+48 | TV = -0,23*OS+45 |
Warning values | WV = -0,23*OS+56 | WV = -0,23*OS+54 |
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