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A peer-reviewed article of this preprint also exists.
This version is not peer-reviewed
Preprints on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2
Submitted:
07 April 2023
Posted:
10 April 2023
You are already at the latest version
Country | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4‡ | Wave 5 |
Austria | Women display more than men, but less resilient/those under 30 lonelier/Mediated partnerships and psychological distress. |
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Canada | Higher emotional, psychological and social well-being/ Fewer mental health issues | ||||
China | Negatively identified with: minorities, pandemic worries, spending time on pandemic information |
Significant predictor of mental health concerns in Hong Kong/High levels adopt active problem-focused coping, adaptive emotion-focused coping |
Related negatively to perceived stress and learning burnout |
||
Europe (27 countries) |
No association with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors |
||||
Germany | Increases in perceived stressfulness |
Poorer coping during strict restrictions/ Improvement as restrictions were relaxed |
Decreases in perceived stressfulness |
||
High rates in adolescents, high depression resulting from anhedonia rather than negative mood, a third of these from loneliness |
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Greece | No effect on student satisfaction with online learning |
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Iran | Obtained more social support using verbal abilities and generating intimate relationships, resulting in greater satisfaction and happiness |
Decreased depression and anxiety |
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Israel/Palestine | Employed greater problem-focused methods of coping and fewer maladaptive emotion-focused strategies for coping |
No association with COVID-19 precautionary behaviors |
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Italy | Protective against worry | ||||
Japan | Protective of depression in medical students |
Played no Protective role against depression or anxiety/ Did not predict better coping |
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Norway | Protective factor for depression and anxiety | If depressed and anxious in wave 1, more so in wave 3 | |||
Russia | Predicted focus on: diet, nutrition, physical activity, stress management, restorative sleep/Negatively associated with substance abuse/More likely to be exposed to COVID-19 |
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Slovakia | Not predictive of resilience/Better access to social support, openness through more flexible coping/ Predictive of positive purchasing and stockpiling and negative emotional response |
Predictive of decrease in purchasing and stockpiling once socially-perceived need for purchasing and stockpiling was reduced |
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United Kingdom | Negative coping | Negative coping not found in White majority / Black, Asian, and minority ethnic community a stronger predictor of mental health deterioration | |||
United States | Associated with more preparations, more optimistic outcomes, shorter pandemic duration and US economy recovery estimates | Negatively correlated with COVID-19 anxiety in general/In young adults, associated with higher levels of COVID-19 anxiety and generalized anxiety and depression symptoms |
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Greater video chat usage in women |
Country | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4‡ | Wave 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | Noted hospital admissions decrease may accompany a substantial increase in mortality |
Feeling of vulnerability regarding COVID-19 was not decreased regarding anticipated development of vaccines |
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Canada | Almost 60% had no degree of hesitancy related to COVID-19 vaccines | ||||
China | Proud of China’s involvement in developing vaccines but believed possibly too expensive for use by their entire families |
76% of youths surveyed from November 2020 to March 2021 indicated their acceptance of a future COVID-19 vaccine |
Only older individuals in mainland China and Hong Kong were reluctant to receive vaccine once they were available |
||
Europe (27 countries) |
Conspiracy theories regarding vaccines and an international Judeo–Bolshevik conspiracy became popular |
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Germany | Increased cancer rates in children (possibly reflecting enhanced parental and pediatricians’ attention to early symptoms) and coronary patients avoiding hospitals likely due to fear of COVID-19 mortality rates |
67% of the population were hesitant to receive the vaccine because of possible side effects with almost 20% stating they would not receive the vaccine at all |
Self-assignment to a risk group was in most cases not associated with an increased willingness to be vaccinated |
||
Greece | Experiencing “cultural trauma” from increased mortality | ||||
Iran | Vaccine acceptance rate was 70% in conjunction with a high death rate from COVID-19 although progress in vaccination was slow | Only 17% of Iran’s population of 85 million received their first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine because country living under United States sanctions |
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Israel/Palestine | COVID-19 weight gain in girls and women considered acceptable —likely reason for increases in type I diabetes which is found to result in increased mortality | Familial Mediterranean Fever- associated genetic mutations may confer milder COVID-19 irrespective of vaccines |
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Italy | Older patients may be more likely to die of COVID-19 because age-related changes in immunological functions |
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Japan | Relatively late in beginning vaccination campaign, hindered by supply and bureaucratic problems resulting in challenges with procurement and distribution/No vaccine hesitancy |
Negative sentiment toward vaccines dominated where concerns about side effects from AstraZeneca in particular outweighed fears of infection |
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Norway | Higher levels of “trained immunity” and serum “vitamin D” levels may have protected from high mortality rates |
Vaccine hesitancy based on political values and ideology even when controlling for trust |
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Russia | Larger households of extended families generally considered a health-protective behavior; might have contributed to higher social exposure producing greater mortality |
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Slovakia | Increase vitamin D supplementation thought to correspond to decreased mortality |
Various theories were spread about the detrimental effects of disposable face masks and respirators on the human body and political plans for using the pandemic and vaccines against ordinary people |
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United Kingdom | High mortality considered to relate to previous cardiovascular disease, diabetes and low vitamin D particularly in the Black, Asian and minority ethnic group |
Among the adult population, 16.6% were very unsure about vaccination, and 11.7% were strongly hesitant resulting from negative perceptions of vaccine developers, health services and conspiracy beliefs |
Significant decrease in vaccine acceptance in comparison with Wave 2 |
For most citizens there was a significant decrease in vaccine acceptance in comparison with Wave 3 with speed, safety, efficacy, and quality control as key reasons for concern about receiving a vaccine |
92% of people were vaccinated or intended to be, although vaccine confidence varied by age and ethnicity, with lowest confidence in young people and those of Black ethnicity |
United States | Increased mortality associated with belief in conspiracy theories generated from social media and disbelief of information provided by mainstream broadcast media |
Those who felt powerless were more susceptible to conspiracy theories with vaccine hesitancy increasing overall in comparison with Wave 1 |
Country | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4‡ | Wave 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | o o |
o o |
|||
Canada | + + |
||||
China | + + |
+ + |
+ + |
||
Europe (27 countries) |
o - |
||||
Germany | - - |
o - |
+ - |
||
Greece | o - |
||||
Iran | + + |
+ o |
|||
Israel/Palestine | + + |
o o |
|||
Italy | + o |
||||
Japan | + + |
- - |
|||
Norway | + + |
- - |
|||
Russia | o o |
||||
Slovakia | o + |
+ - |
|||
United Kingdom | - + |
+ + |
+ o |
+ - |
+ + |
United States | + - |
o o |
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