PreprintReviewVersion 2Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Therapeutic Potential of Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease
Version 1
: Received: 5 April 2023 / Approved: 6 April 2023 / Online: 6 April 2023 (13:16:49 CEST)
Version 2
: Received: 16 May 2023 / Approved: 17 May 2023 / Online: 17 May 2023 (14:13:20 CEST)
Tapias, V.; González-Andrés, P.; Peña, L.F.; Barbero, A.; Núñez, L.; Villalobos, C. Therapeutic Potential of Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants2023, 12, 1282.
Tapias, V.; González-Andrés, P.; Peña, L.F.; Barbero, A.; Núñez, L.; Villalobos, C. Therapeutic Potential of Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1282.
Tapias, V.; González-Andrés, P.; Peña, L.F.; Barbero, A.; Núñez, L.; Villalobos, C. Therapeutic Potential of Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants2023, 12, 1282.
Tapias, V.; González-Andrés, P.; Peña, L.F.; Barbero, A.; Núñez, L.; Villalobos, C. Therapeutic Potential of Heterocyclic Compounds Targeting Mitochondrial Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1282.
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the two most common neurodegenerative diseases in elderly. The key histopathological features of these diseases are the presence of abnormal protein aggregates and the progressive and irreversible loss of neurons in specific brain regions. The exact mechanisms underlying the etiopathogenesis of AD or PD remain unknown, but there is extensive evidence indicating that excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) along with a depleted antioxidant system, mitochondrial dysfunction, and intracellular Ca2+ dyshomeostasis play a vital role in the pathophysiology of these neurological disorders. Due to an improvement in life expectancy, the incidence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases has significantly increased. However, there is no effective protective treatment or therapy available but rather only very limited palliative treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of preventive strategies and disease-modifying therapies to treat AD/PD. Because dysregulated Ca2+ metabolism drives oxidative damage and neuropathology in these diseases, the identification or development of compounds capable of restoring Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling may provide a neuroprotective avenue for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, a set of strategies to control mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling has been reported, including decreased Ca2+ uptake through voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOCCs). In this article, we review the modulatory effects of several heterocyclic compounds on Ca2+ homeostasis and trafficking, and their ability to regulate compromised mitochondrial function and associated free radical production during the onset and progression of AD or PD. This comprehensive review also describes the chemical synthesis of the heterocycles and summarizes the clinical trial outcomes.
Medicine and Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Neurology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received:
17 May 2023
Commenter:
Victor Tapias Molina
Commenter's Conflict of Interests:
Author
Comment:
We have now significantly decreased the body length of this review article to improve focus and clarity. In addition, we have considerably reduced the number of citations.
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Commenter: Victor Tapias Molina
Commenter's Conflict of Interests: Author