Progress on Understanding Metabolic Syndrome, and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology

Birendra Kumar Jha; Mohammad Imran; Yousuf Mohammed; Laxmi Akhileshwar Jha; Keshav Raj Paudel; Saurav Kumar Jha

doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0211.v1

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preprints.org > biology and life sciences > endocrinology and metabolism > doi: 10.20944/preprints202303.0211.v1

Preprint Review Version 1 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed

Progress on Understanding Metabolic Syndrome, and Knowledge of Its Complex Pathophysiology

Birendra Kumar Jha

^# ,

Mohammad Imran

Yousuf Mohammed

Laxmi Akhileshwar Jha

Keshav Raj Paudel

^* ,

Saurav Kumar Jha

First author

Version 1 : Received: 12 March 2023 / Approved: 13 March 2023 / Online: 13 March 2023 (03:58:55 CET)

A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists.

Jha, B.K.; Sherpa, M.L.; Imran, M.; Mohammed, Y.; Jha, L.A.; Paudel, K.R.; Jha, S.K. Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Compltableex Pathophysiology. Diabetology 2023, 4, 134-159. Jha, B.K.; Sherpa, M.L.; Imran, M.; Mohammed, Y.; Jha, L.A.; Paudel, K.R.; Jha, S.K. Progress in Understanding Metabolic Syndrome and Knowledge of Its Compltableex Pathophysiology. Diabetology 2023, 4, 134-159.

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome, first introduced by Hermann Haller in 1975, was sometimes also known as insulin resistance syndrome, syndrome X, and plurimetabolic syndrome. In 1989 it was rechristened by Kaplan as "Deadly Quartet" based on a consolidation of central obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and systemic hypertension. Metabolic syndrome is positively associated with a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state, attributed to increased pro-thrombotic and inflammatory markers activity. Moreover, Metabolic syndrome is frequently associated with increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperuricemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and chronic kidney disease. Despite concerted endeavors worldwide, the complexity of the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome is still not clearly understood. Currently, therapeutic possibilities are confined to individual therapy of hyperglycemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, regular physical exercise, and a restricted diet.

Keywords

metabolic syndrome; glucose tolerance; pathophysiology; hyperglycemia; diet

Subject

Biology and Life Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism

Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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