Baghbani, A.; Nguyen, M.D.; Alnedawi, A.; Milne, N.; Baumgartl, T.; Abuel-Naga, H. Improving Soil Stability with Alum Sludge: An AI-Enabled Approach for Accurate Prediction of California Bearing Ratio. Appl. Sci.2023, 13, 4934.
Baghbani, A.; Nguyen, M.D.; Alnedawi, A.; Milne, N.; Baumgartl, T.; Abuel-Naga, H. Improving Soil Stability with Alum Sludge: An AI-Enabled Approach for Accurate Prediction of California Bearing Ratio. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4934.
Baghbani, A.; Nguyen, M.D.; Alnedawi, A.; Milne, N.; Baumgartl, T.; Abuel-Naga, H. Improving Soil Stability with Alum Sludge: An AI-Enabled Approach for Accurate Prediction of California Bearing Ratio. Appl. Sci.2023, 13, 4934.
Baghbani, A.; Nguyen, M.D.; Alnedawi, A.; Milne, N.; Baumgartl, T.; Abuel-Naga, H. Improving Soil Stability with Alum Sludge: An AI-Enabled Approach for Accurate Prediction of California Bearing Ratio. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4934.
Abstract
Alum sludge is a byproduct of water treatment plants and its use as a soil stabilizer has gained increasing attention due to its economic and environmental benefits. Its application has been shown to improve the strength and stability of soil, making it suitable for various engineering applications. However, to go beyond just measuring the effects of alum sludge as a soil stabilizer, this paper explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to predict the California bearing ratio (CBR) of soils stabilized with alum sludge. Three AI methods, including two black box methods (artificial neural network and support vector machines) and one grey box method (genetic programming), were used to predict CBR based on a database with nine input parameters. The results showed that all three AI models were able to predict CBR with good accuracy, with coefficient of determination (R2) values ranging from 0.94 to 0.99 and mean absolute error (MAE) values ranging from 0.30 to 0.51. In a novel approach, the genetic programming method was used to produce an equation to estimate CBR, which included seven inputs and accurately predicted CBR. The analysis of sensitivity and importance of parameters showed that the number of hammer blows for compaction was the most important parameter, while the parameters for maximum dry density of soil and mixture were the least important. This study suggests that AI methods can effectively predict the performance of alum sludge as a soil stabilizer, and the proposed equation using genetic programming can be a useful tool for predicting CBR.
Environmental and Earth Sciences, Environmental Science
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
,
,
,
,
