Article
Version 1
Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease
Version 1
: Received: 22 January 2023 / Approved: 2 February 2023 / Online: 2 February 2023 (04:00:56 CET)
Version 2 : Received: 10 February 2023 / Approved: 15 February 2023 / Online: 15 February 2023 (03:59:17 CET)
Version 2 : Received: 10 February 2023 / Approved: 15 February 2023 / Online: 15 February 2023 (03:59:17 CET)
How to cite: Chambers, P. Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease. Preprints 2023, 2023020027. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202302.0027.v1. Chambers, P. Long Covid and Neurodegenerative Disease. Preprints 2023, 2023020027. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202302.0027.v1.
Abstract
Brain fog with compromised ability to concentrate has been the most frequent Long Covid (LC) complaint. This is due to an increased TGF beta/IFN gamma with consequently increased bradykinin (BKN), especially in Caucasian females. Brain and lung blood vessels “leak.” This same ratio is increased in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but decreased in Parkinson’s disease (PD), because CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are differentially affected by the invading associated viruses, e.g., SARS CoV2, HIV, …. In Covid-19 CD147 receptors on immune cells are critical in generating the increased TGF beta/IFN gamma and those on endothelial cells, platelets, and erythrocytes are critical to the abnormal microvascular blood flow. ACE2 receptors on pneumocytes and enterocytes enable pulmonary and GI entry, initiating gut dysbiosis. Epigenetics, methylation, magnesium, vitamin D, the B vitamins, and antioxidants suggest that these issues can be surmounted. Biochemical, physiologic, and epidemiologic data are analyzed to answer these questions. An LC model is presented and discussed in the context of the most recent research. Suggestions to avoid these and other worrisome concerns are included. Other topics discussed include estrogen, the gut microbiome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and homocysteine.
Keywords
homocysteine; estrogen; bradykinin; magnesium; vitamin D; CD147
Subject
LIFE SCIENCES, Biochemistry
Copyright: This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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