Version 1
: Received: 26 September 2022 / Approved: 26 September 2022 / Online: 26 September 2022 (10:40:58 CEST)
How to cite:
Kulish, V.; Novozhilov, V. Inevitability and Incompleteness of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Expanding Universe. Preprints2022, 2022090394. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202209.0394.v1
Kulish, V.; Novozhilov, V. Inevitability and Incompleteness of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Expanding Universe. Preprints 2022, 2022090394. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202209.0394.v1
Kulish, V.; Novozhilov, V. Inevitability and Incompleteness of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Expanding Universe. Preprints2022, 2022090394. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202209.0394.v1
APA Style
Kulish, V., & Novozhilov, V. (2022). Inevitability and Incompleteness of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Expanding Universe. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202209.0394.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Kulish, V. and Vasily Novozhilov. 2022 "Inevitability and Incompleteness of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in the Expanding Universe" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202209.0394.v1
Abstract
A simple line of reasoning, based on the most fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, yields some intriguing results for a better understanding of the processes occurring in the observable Universe. Gravitational mass must be continuously generated within an expanding thermodynamic system for this system to remain closed. The Second Law is a direct consequence of this production of mass. Simple expressions for the entropy and temperature of the Universe were obtained and the results agree well with observable values. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the conservation laws within the Universe are independent of its energy density. Based on the solution for the quantum state of the Universe, it is conjectured that the Second Law is incomplete and must be complemented to a conservation law, which takes into account the growth of the amount of information within the Universe. Once the Second Law is complemented to a conservation law, the importance of mass generation within the Universe becomes well pronounced – not only gravitational effects play the role of an organising force, but also the amount of mass within the Universe defines both the amount of information within the Universe and the level of the Universe’s complexity.
Keywords
Second Law of thermodynamics; Universe as a closed thermodynamic system; entropy of the Universe; temperature of the Universe; quantum state of the Universe; information within the Universe; complexity of the Universe
Subject
Physical Sciences, Quantum Science and Technology
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
