Rief, V.; Felske, C.; Scharinger, A.; Krumbügel, K.; Stegmüller, S.; Breitling-Utzmann, C.M.; Richling, E.; Walch, S.G.; Lachenmeier, D.W. Indirect Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopic Determination of Acrylamide in Coffee Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression. Beverages 2021, 7, 31, doi:10.3390/beverages7020031.
Rief, V.; Felske, C.; Scharinger, A.; Krumbügel, K.; Stegmüller, S.; Breitling-Utzmann, C.M.; Richling, E.; Walch, S.G.; Lachenmeier, D.W. Indirect Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopic Determination of Acrylamide in Coffee Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression. Beverages 2021, 7, 31, doi:10.3390/beverages7020031.
Rief, V.; Felske, C.; Scharinger, A.; Krumbügel, K.; Stegmüller, S.; Breitling-Utzmann, C.M.; Richling, E.; Walch, S.G.; Lachenmeier, D.W. Indirect Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopic Determination of Acrylamide in Coffee Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression. Beverages 2021, 7, 31, doi:10.3390/beverages7020031.
Rief, V.; Felske, C.; Scharinger, A.; Krumbügel, K.; Stegmüller, S.; Breitling-Utzmann, C.M.; Richling, E.; Walch, S.G.; Lachenmeier, D.W. Indirect Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopic Determination of Acrylamide in Coffee Using Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression. Beverages 2021, 7, 31, doi:10.3390/beverages7020031.
Abstract
Acrylamide is probably carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer, group 2A) with major occurrence in heated, mainly carbohydrate-rich foods. For roasted coffee, a European Union benchmark level of 400 µg/kg acrylamide is of importance. Regularly, the acrylamide contents are controlled using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This reference method is reliable and precise but laborious because of the necessary sample clean-up procedure and instrument requirements. This research investigates the possibility of predicting the acrylamide content from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra that are already recorded for other purposes of coffee control. In the NMR spectrum acrylamide is not directly quantifiable, so that the aim was to establish a correlation between the reference value and the corresponding NMR spectrum by means of a partial least squares (PLS) regression. Therefore, 40 commercially available coffee samples with already available LC-MS/MS data and NMR spectra were used as calibration data. To test the accuracy and robustness of the model and its limitations, 50 coffee samples with extreme roasting degrees and blends were additionally prepared as test set. The PLS model shows an applicability for the varieties C. arabica and C. canephora, which were medium to very dark roasted using drum or infrared roasters. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) is 79 µg/kg acrylamide (n=32). The PLS model is judged as suitable to predict the acrylamide values of commercially available coffee samples. On the other hand, very light roasts containing more than 1000 µg/kg acrylamide are currently not suitable for PLS prediction.
Keywords
acrylamide; coffee; partial least square regression; NMR; LC-MS/MS
Subject
Chemistry and Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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